Ch 34 Chordates - Amphibians

Question 1

Lobe-finned fishes include what two living groups?

Answer 1

1) Actinistia

2) Dipnoi

Question 2

Actinistia and Dipnoi have some characteristics of what?

Answer 2

The hypothetical first terrestrial vertebrates

Question 3

Latimeria

Answer 3

Lobe-finned fish within the Actinistia

Question 4

Latimeria possessed what?

Answer 4

Paired fins at the end of appendages with internal body elements

Question 5

Lungfish retain what?

Answer 5

A prominent notochord (but have well-developed vertebrae as well)

Question 6

Do lungfish possess functional lungs?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

Lungfish can withstand what?

Answer 7

Drying in their habitat

Question 8

When conditions of their environment require it, lungfish can enter what?

Answer 8

Estivation

Question 9

Estivation

Answer 9

A state of reduced physiological activity during drought

Question 10

How long can lungfish remain in estivation?

Answer 10

7 to 8 months

Question 11

Characteristics of estivation

Answer 11

1) Air-breathe
2) Lower heart rate
3) Retain urea and other wastes
4) Catabolize body (lose weight)

Question 12

Tetrapods

Answer 12

Ancestrally terrestrial and four-limbed vertebrates

Question 13

What is the earliest diverging living group of the tetrapods?

Answer 13

Amphibia

Question 14

Benefit(s) for chordates on land

Answer 14

O2 is 20 times more concentrated in air than in water

Question 15

Difficulties for chordates on land

Answer 15

1) Air is 1,000 times more dense than water
2) Air is 50 times less viscous than water
3) Air experiences far grater temperature extremes
4) Terrestrial environments comprise a much greater diversity of habitats than do marine environments

Question 16

Three body forms of amphibians

Answer 16

1) Frogs
2) Salamanders
3) Caecilians

Question 17

How many species of amphibians are there?

Answer 17

6,000

Question 18

Modern amphibian skeletal system

Answer 18

Skeleton is mostly bone

Question 19

How many limbs do most amphibians have?

Answer 19

Four

Question 20

Characteristic of amphibian skin

Answer 20

Very moist

Question 21

Function of amphibian skin

Answer 21

Functions in respiration

Question 22

Salamanders

Answer 22

Tailed amphibians

Question 23

Are all amphibians endotherms or ectotherms?

Answer 23

Ectotherms

Question 24

What is the ancestral condition of the salamander life cycle?

Answer 24

Metamorphosis from aquatic larva to terrestrial adults

Question 25

How are salamander eggs fertilized?

Answer 25

Internally via a spermatophore passed to the female

Question 26

Spermatophore

Answer 26

A packet of sperm

Question 27

Newt life cycle

Answer 27

Have an aquatic larva followed by a terrestrial juvenile stage then by a second adult aquatic stage

Question 28

Paedomorphosis

Answer 28

The evolution of retention of larval characteristics into adulthood

Question 29

Many salamanders achieve sexual maturity while retaining what?

Answer 29

External gills and an aquatic habitat

Question 30

What allows for cutaneous respiration in all amphibians?

Answer 30

Extensive nets of blood vessels in the skin

Question 31

At various life stages, salamanders may have what?

Answer 31

Gills, lungs, both, or neither

Question 32

How do some salamanders capture prey

Answer 32

Via ballistic tongue projection

Question 33

Anurans

Answer 33

Frogs and toads

Question 34

How many species of anurans are there?

Answer 34

5,200

Question 35

Anurans are primarily adapted for what kind of locomotion?

Answer 35

Jumping locomotion

Question 36

How are anurans adapted for jumping locomotion?

Answer 36

1) Reduction of vertebrae 2) Fusion of bones 3) Elongation of bones

Question 37

What protein toughens that outer skin layer of anurans?

Answer 37

The protein keratin

Question 38

What limits water loss in the skin of anurans?

Answer 38

Mucous glands

Question 39

What kind of glands function in defense in anurans?

Answer 39

Toxin glands

Question 40

Anurans have what kind of circulatory system?

Answer 40

An efficient, closed circulatory system

Question 41

How many chambers does the heart of an anuran have?

Answer 41

Three

Question 42

Two circuits of anuran circulation

Answer 42

1) Pulmonary (lung) circuit | 2) Systemic (body) circuit

Question 43

Do anurans have internal or external fertilization?

Answer 43

External

Question 44

Anurans deposit huge masses of eggs where?

Answer 44

In aquatic habitats

Question 45

How long can the process of metamorphosis in anurans take?

Answer 45

2-3 years

Question 46

Apodans

Answer 46

Caecilians

Question 47

Caecilians

Answer 47

Elongated, limbless, burrowing amphibians

Question 48

How many species of apodans exist?

Answer 48

170