Ch 51 Animal Behavior

Question 1

To what three men is the modern study of animal behavior generally attributed?

Answer 1

1) Konrad Lorenz
2) Niko Tinbergen
3) Karl von Frisch

Question 2

According to which behavioral ecologist could four questions about behavior?

Answer 2

Niko Tinbergen

Question 3

First question about behavior (Niko Tinbergen)

Answer 3

What stimulus elicits the behavior, and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?

Question 4

Second question about behavior (Niko Tinbergen)

Answer 4

How does the animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response mechanism?

Question 5

Third question about behavior (Niko Tinbergen)

Answer 5

How does he behavior aid survival and reproduction?

Question 6

Fourth question about behavior (Niko Tinbergen)

Answer 6

What is the behavior’s evolutionary history?

Question 7

The four questions that explain behavior according to Tinbergen, highlight what?

Answer 7

The complementary nature of proximate and ultimate perspectives

Question 8

Proximate causation

Answer 8

“How” explanation

Question 9

Proximate causation focuses on:

Answer 9

1) Environmental stimuli that trigger that behavior

2) Genetic, physiological, and anatomical mechanisms underlying a behavior

Question 10

Ultimate causation

Answer 10

“Why” explanation

Question 11

Ultimate causation focuses on:

Answer 11

Evolutionary significance of a behavior

Question 12

Fixed action pattern

Answer 12

A sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors that is unchangeable

Question 13

Once initiated, what usually occurs to a fixed action pattern?

Answer 13

The behavior is carried to completion

Question 14

Sign stimulus

Answer 14

An external cue that triggers a fixed action pattern

Question 15

Signal

Answer 15

A behavior that causes a change in another animal’s behavior

Question 16

Communication

Answer 16

The transmission and reception of signals

Question 17

Four modes by which animals communicate:

Answer 17

1) Visual signals
2) Chemical signals
3) Tactile signals
4) Auditory signals

Question 18

What is the type of signal used by animal to communicate with closely related to?

Answer 18

Lifestyle and environment

Question 19

What is expected of visual signals?

Answer 19

They contrast with habitat backgrounds

Question 20

What do visual signals convey?

Answer 20

Information about the signaler

Question 21

Benefit of visual signals

Answer 21

They can work over long distances

Question 22

Downside of visual signals:

Answer 22

They are limited by line of site

Question 23

Tactile communication

Answer 23

Functions over extremely short ranges

Question 24

Tactile communication is often associated with what?

Answer 24

Copulation

Question 25

Downside of acoustic communication:

Answer 25

It is energetically costly

Question 26

Benefit of acoustic communication:

Answer 26

It can be effective over longs distances and in all directions

Question 27

Acoustic communication is used in:

Answer 27

1) Territory maintenance 2) Mating 3) Warning signals

Question 28

Cross-fostering studies help behavioral ecologists identify what?

Answer 28

The contribution of environments to an animal's behavior

Question 29

Cross-fostering studies

Answer 29

Studies that place the young from one species in the care of adults from another species

Question 30

Learning

Answer 30

The modification of behavior based on specific experiences

Question 31

Imprinting

Answer 31

A behavior that includes learning and innate components Generally irreversible

Question 32

A learned component can only occur during what?

Answer 32

A limited sensitive period early in life

Question 33

Spatial learning

Answer 33

A complex modification of behavior based on experience with the structure of the environment

Question 34

Cognitive maps

Answer 34

Internal representations of spatial relationships between objects

Question 35

What are cognitive maps assembled from?

Answer 35

Learned landmarks and innate neural representations of space

Question 36

Associative learning

Answer 36

Animals associate one feature of their environment with another

Question 37

Two forms of associative learning

Answer 37

1) Classical conditioning | 2) Operant conditioning

Question 38

Classical conditioning

Answer 38

A type of associative learning in which a conditioned stimulus is linked to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 39

Example of classical conditioning

Answer 39

Pavlov's dog

Question 40

Operant conditioning

Answer 40

A type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment

Question 41

What is another name for operant conditioning?

Answer 41

Trial-and-error learning

Question 42

Cognition

Answer 42

A process of knowing or learning that may include awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement

Question 43

Problem solving

Answer 43

The process of devising a strategy to overcome an obstacle

Question 44

Social learning

Answer 44

Learning through the observations of others and forms the roots of culture

Question 45

Altruism

Answer 45

Selflessness

Question 46

What explains altruism?

Answer 46

Inclusive fitness

Question 47

Inclusive fitness

Answer 47

The total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing offspring and helping close relatives produce offspring

Question 48

Hamilton's Rule

Answer 48

A quantitative measure for predicting when natural selection would favor altruistic actions rB > C

Question 49

Three key variables in altruistic action:

Answer 49

1) Benefit to the recipient (B) 2) Cost to the altruist (C) 3) Coefficient of relatedness (r)

Question 50

Coefficient of relatedness

Answer 50

The fraction of genes on average that are shared

Question 51

When does natural selection favor altruism?

Answer 51

When rB > C

Question 52

Kin selection

Answer 52

The natural selection that favors altruistic behavior towards close relatives by enhancing reproductive success of relatives

Question 53

In what kind of groups is kin selection more widespread?

Answer 53

In groups that have a higher degree of relatedness

Question 54

Reciprocal altruism

Answer 54

When an unrelated individual is aided and returns the favor in the future

Question 55

When can altruistic behavior be adaptive?

Answer 55

When reciprocal altruism occurs

Question 56

In game theory, a tit-for-tat strategy has the following rules:

Answer 56

1) Individuals always cooperate on first encounter | 2) An individual treats another the same way it was treated the last time they met

Question 57

Individuals who engage in (1)___-___-___ ___ have a higher fitness than individuals who are (2)___ ___

Answer 57

1) Tit-for-tat strategy | 2) Always selfish