Ch 56 Biodiversity and Global Change

Question 1

Conservation biology

Answer 1

Seeks to preserve life

Question 2

Several fields that are integrated into several fields

Answer 2

1) Ecology
2) Physiology
3) Molecular biology
4) Genetics
5) Evolutionary biology

Question 3

Three main components of biodiversity

Answer 3

1) Genetic diversity
2) Species diversity
3) Ecosystem diversity

Question 4

1)___ ___ are concerned about 2)___ ___ because of alarming statistics regarding 3)___ and 4)___

Answer 4

1) Conservation biologists
2) Species lost
3) Extinction
4) Biodiversity

Question 5

Global extinction rates of birds

Answer 5

12%

Question 6

Global extinction rates of mammals

Answer 6

21%

Question 7

Global extinction rates of amphibians

Answer 7

32%

Question 8

Extinction may be 1)___ or 2)___

Answer 8

1) Local

2) Global

Question 9

Species related to 1)___ ___ can have important 2)___ qualities

Answer 9

1) Agricultural crops

2) Genetic

Question 10

Ecosystem services

Answer 10

Encompass all the processes through which natural ecosystems and their species help sustain human life

Question 11

Examples of ecosystem services

Answer 11

1) Purification of air and water
2) Detoxification and decomposition of wastes
3) Cycling of nutrients
4) Moderation of weather extremes

Question 12

Four major threats related to most species’ extinctions

Answer 12

1) Habitat destruction
2) Introduced species
3) Over-harvesting
4) Global change

Question 13

What is the greatest threat to biodiversity throughout the biosphere?

Answer 13

Human alteration of habitat

Question 14

In almost all cases, what leads to loss of biodiversity?

Answer 14

1) Habitat fragmentation

2) Habitat destruction

Question 15

Without their native 1)___, 2)___, and 3)___, introduced species may spread rapidly

Answer 15

1) Predators
2) Parasites
3) Pathogens

Question 16

What happens when introduced species gain a foothold in a new habitat?

Answer 16

They usually disrupt their adopted community

Question 17

Over-harvesting

Answer 17

Human harvesting of wild plants and animals at rates exceeding the ability of populations of those species to rebound

Question 18

What kind of organisms are especially vulnerable to over-harvesting?

Answer 18

Large organisms with low reproduction rates

Question 19

Over-fishing

Answer 19

Occurs when fishing activities exceed the capacity of fish populations to maintain themselves

Question 20

Over ___ of all fisheries are now fully exploited

Answer 20

Half

Question 21

Fish and other marine organisms account for ___-___ of total global income of animal protein

Answer 21

13% to 17%

Question 22

What occurred in the 1990’s in regard to global fishing harvests?

Answer 22

Global fish harvests reached a plateau

Question 23

What was the maximum global fish harvest?

Answer 23

~86 million tons

Question 24

During the 1990’s what fishery collapsed?

Answer 24

The cod fishery off of Newfoundland

Question 25

Bycatch

Answer 25

Species of fish that are harvested, but are not of the targeted fishery

Question 26

Bycatch includes:

Answer 26

1) Fish 2) Crustaceans 3) Birds 4) Sea turtles 5) Dolphins 6) Whales

Question 27

___ of some fisheries is bycatch

Answer 27

80%

Question 28

What is a common means of harvesting large predators?

Answer 28

Longlines

Question 29

1)___ ___ such as sharks are directly targeted or depleted through 2)___ ___

Answer 29

1) Top predators | 2) Bycatch mortality

Question 30

Due to bycatch, what percentage of large, predatory fish stocks are gone?

Answer 30

90%

Question 31

Many deep sea fish are at risk due to slow 1)___ and low 2)___ ___

Answer 31

1) Growth | 2) Reproductive rates

Question 32

Some deep sea fish that are at risk:

Answer 32

1) Orange roughy 2) Sablefish 3) Cods

Question 33

How long does it take many deep sea fish to reach breeding maturity?

Answer 33

30 to 40 years

Question 34

Individual Transferable quotas (ITQs)

Answer 34

Consists of limited access permits to harvest quantities of fish

Question 35

Two methods of aquaculture (fish farming):

Answer 35

1) Closed inland enclosures in which foods and wastes do not immediately enter natural ecosystems 2) Open pens in which foods and wastes can enter natural ecosystems

Question 36

On a 1)___ ___, aquaculture can be 2)___ damaging than fisheries based on catch from wild populations

Answer 36

1) Local scale | 2) More

Question 37

Human-caused environmental changes include:

Answer 37

1) Nutrient enrichment 2) Toxin accumulations 3) Climate change 4) Ozone depletion

Question 38

What do ocean currents transport?

Answer 38

1) Nutrients 2) Wastes 3) Heat

Question 39

The 1)___ ___ keeps 2)___ much 3)___ than other regions at the same latitude

Answer 39

1) Gulf Stream 2) Europe 3) Warmer

Question 40

In the 1)___ ___, warm surface waters are normally pushed 2)___ by 3)___ ___ ___

Answer 40

1) Pacific Ocean 2) West 3) Equatorial trade winds

Question 41

What does the movement of warm surface waters of the Pacific Ocean to the west cause?

Answer 41

1) Heavy precipitation in southeast Asia | 2) Upwelling of nutrient waters along the Americas

Question 42

El Nino

Answer 42

Occurs when the rising air currents weaken, and westward wind and ocean currents fail

Question 43

How often does an El Nino occur?

Answer 43

Every 3 to 5 years

Question 44

Two common characteristics of El Nino years:

Answer 44

1) Intense storms in the Americas | 2) Droughts in the west Pacific

Question 45

What occurs in Hawaii during an El Nino year?

Answer 45

Drought during Hawaii's rainy season is more common

Question 46

When is Hawaii's rainy season?

Answer 46

October to March

Question 47

What appears to be worsening El Nino?

Answer 47

Global warming

Question 48

Greenhouse effect

Answer 48

CO2, water vapor, and other greenhouse gases reflect infrared radiation back toward Earth

Question 49

What is important for keeping Earth's surface at a habitable temperature?

Answer 49

The greenhouse effect

Question 50

Increasing concentrations of atmospheric 1)___ is linked to increasing 2)___ ___

Answer 50

1) CO2 | 2) Global temperature

Question 51

When was the greenhouse effect first recognized?

Answer 51

1827

Question 52

From what can climatologists make inferences about the past?

Answer 52

1) Pollen and fossil plant records 2) CO2 levels (inferred from bubbles trapped in glacial ice) 3) Analysis of past temperatures (inferred from chemical isotope analysis)

Question 53

With what does CO2 fluctuate?

Answer 53

Seasonal changes in photosynthesis and respiration

Question 54

How much does CO2 usually change?

Answer 54

5 to 7 ppm

Question 55

B 2009, atmospheric 1)___ levels had reached 2)___

Answer 55

1) CO2 | 2) 338 ppm

Question 56

Atmospheric CO2 levels n 2009 were higher than what? By how much?

Answer 56

1) 39% higher than before the Industrial Revolution | 2) Higher than the past 800,000 years

Question 57

Burning fossil fuels release 1)___ ___ ___ of 2)___ to the air

Answer 57

1) 8 billion tons | 2) C/year

Question 58

Oceans and forests act as 1)___ ___ and absorb 2)___

Answer 58

1) Carbon sinks | 2) 4.7 GtC/year

Question 59

Where are the lowest emissions in the world?

Answer 59

In Chad Per capita production is one-thousandth that of the US

Question 60

Global warming projections vary between 1)___-___ within the 2)___

Answer 60

1) 2C to 4C | 2) Century

Question 61

What could stop circulation of deep seas?

Answer 61

Dilution of salt water by melting polar caps

Question 62

Heinrich events

Answer 62

Slowing or ceasing of the circulation of the deep seas

Question 63

If a Heinrich event occurs, what might the results be?

Answer 63

1) The ocean's thermal conveyor system will shift south | 2) Climate will cool in a few decades

Question 64

What can slow global warming?

Answer 64

1) International reduction in energy need 2) Conversion to renewable energy sources 3) Reduced deforestation

Question 65

What protects life on Earth from the damaging effects of UV radiation?

Answer 65

A protective layers of ozone molecules (O3)

Question 66

Since when may the ozone layer have been gradually thinning?

Answer 66

The mid-1970s

Question 67

What is the main cause of the destruction of atmospheric ozone?

Answer 67

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) produced by human activity

Question 68

What reaction decreases the amount of ozone in the atmosphere?

Answer 68

Chlorine (contained in CFCs) and ozone's reaction, which produces O2

Question 69

What is linked to increased UV radiation (due to ozone depletion)?

Answer 69

1) DNA damage | 2) Poorer phytoplankton growth

Question 70

Ozone levels have decreased 1)___-___ at 2)___ during the past 20 years

Answer 70

1) 2% to 10% | 3) Mid-latitudes

Question 71

Where is the ozone layer thinnest?

Answer 71

Over Antarctica

Question 72

What has decreased ozone deplection?

Answer 72

An international agreement signed in 1987 to halt CFC emissions