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BIOL 172 > Ch 40 Animal Form and Function > Flashcards

Ch 40 Animal Form and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells (and cell products) specialized for performance of a common function

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2
Q

Four basic types of tissue

A

1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscular
4) Nervous

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3
Q

Epithelium

A

A sheet of cells that covers an external or internal surface

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4
Q

Three functions of epithelial tissue

A

1) Protection
2) Transport
3) Production

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5
Q

Epithelial tissue produces what?

A

1) Hormones
2) Enzymes
3) Other cellular products

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6
Q

What does epithelial tissue lack?

A

A direct blood supply

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7
Q

What supports epithelial tissue?

A

A basement layer of connective tissue

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8
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

Involved in secretion and absorption

Found in lines and small ducts

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9
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Found in highly absorptive surfaces (intestine)

Cells may have microvilli extending the surface

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10
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Usually ciliated

Lining of trachea (respiratory airways)

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11
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

More than one layer continually produced by the basal layer of cells

Withstand stretching and abrasion as in the mouth

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12
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Permits diffusion of molecules

Blood vessels and lungs

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13
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Fixed and free cells suspended in a thick fluid

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14
Q

Function of loose connective tissue

A

Binds epithelial tissue to underlying tissue and holds organs in place

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15
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

A

Densely packed fibers

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16
Q

Function of fibrous connective tissue

A

Connects muscles and bones (tendons, ligaments)

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17
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

1) Binding

2) Support

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18
Q

Connective tissue is composed of what?

A

1) Cells embedded in a matrix of fibers

2) A thick fluid ground substance

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19
Q

Characteristics of collagen

A

1) High tensile strength

2) High elastic resilience

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20
Q

Collagen

A

Most abundant protein in the bodies of animals

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21
Q

Collagen comprises much of what?

A

Fibers in connective tissues

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22
Q

Skin

A

Dense, irregular arrangement of collagen

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23
Q

Ligament

A

Collagen arranged in sheets

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24
Q

Ligaments connect what?

A

Bone to bone

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25
Tendon
Collagen in a cable-like arrangement
26
Tendons connect what?
Muscle to bone
27
Cartilage
Closely-packed fivers in a gel-like matrix
28
Where are the cells of cartilage located?
Small pockets in the matrix
29
Where does cartilage occur?
1) Joints 2) Respiratory airways 3) Skeleton
30
Bone
A living, highly vascular tissue containing
31
Bone contains what?
Collagen fibers deposited with calcium salts
32
Osteablast cells
Deposit bone lamellae around the marrow
33
Osteoclast cells
Break down bone and reabsorb the minerals
34
Most bone develops from what?
Cartilage
35
How does bone develop?
Osteoblasts deposit extracellular calcium throughout spaces in the cartilage
36
What extends bones during growth?
Active cartilage cells at the epiphyseal plate
37
Bone strength is proportional to what?
Its cross-section area
38
Muscle has what kind of construction?
Hierarchical
39
What is bundled into muscle fibers?
Myofibril contractile units
40
What are muscle fibers bundled into?
Fascicles which comprise muscles
41
What role does ATP play in muscle movement?
ATP activated heads on thick myosin filaments attach to and pull thin actin filaments
42
Skeletal muscle
Striated muscle
43
Smooth muscle
Slow acting, efficient involuntary muscle
44
Skeletal muscle is involved in what kind of movement?
Voluntary
45
Skeletal muscle is found where in the body?
Attached to bone
46
Smooth muscle is found where in the body?
Intestines and blood vessels
47
Cardiac muscle
Fast acting, involuntary muscle of the heart
48
Nervous tissue
Senses stimuli and transmit signals throughout the animal
49
Nervous tissue contains:
1) Neurons | 2) Glial cells (glia)
50
Neurons
Nerve cells
51
Glial cells (glia)
Nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons
52
Metabolic rate varies proportional to what?
The ratio of surface area to volume
53
What kinds of animals have higher metabolism per unit of body mass?
Small animals
54
Homeostasis
The maintenance of internal steady states of physiological self regulation
55
What is the primary feedback that maintains homeostasis?
Negative feedback
56
Thermoregulation
The maintenance of a stable body temperature
57
Why is thermoregulation necessary for life?
Enzymes have an optimum temperature under which they function best
58
Most life exists between what temperatures?
0 to 40 degrees Celsius 32 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit
59
Ectotherms
Organisms that do not produce metabolic heat at rates high enough to regulate their body temperature
60
Endotherms
Organisms that generate enough metabolic heat to raise their temperature above that of the environment
61
Poikilotherms
Organisms whose body temperature varies with its environment
62
Homeotherms
Organisms whose body temperature remains relatively constant
63
Is the relationship between heat source and body temperature fixed?
Nope
64
Hypothalymus
Region of the brain that controls thermoregulation
65
What is triggered by the hypothalamus?
1) Heat loss | 2) Heat generation
66
Five adaptations that help animals thermoregulate
1) Insulation 2) Circulatory adaptations 3) Cooling by evaporative heat loss 4) Behavioral responses 5) Adjusting metabolic heat production
67
Vasodilation
Blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss
68
Vascoconstriction
Blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss
69
Countercurrent heat exchange
Transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and reduce heat loss

BIOL 172 (29 decks)

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