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BIOL 172 > Ch 41 Digestive System > Flashcards

Ch 41 Digestive System Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Why is feeding necessary in animals?

A

To get organic molecules

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2
Q

How do animals receive energy from feeding?

A

The bonds of organic molecules are broken

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3
Q

Essential nutritents

A

Molecules necessary for constuction of the body

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4
Q

Can essential nutrients be synthesized by animals?

A

No

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5
Q

Four classes of essential nutrients

A

1) Essential amino acids
2) Essential fatty acids
3) Vitamins
4) Minerals

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6
Q

How many amino acids are needed by the human body?

A

20

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7
Q

How many amino acids needed by the human body can be synthesized by the body?

A

12

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8
Q

How many essential amino acids (amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body) are there?

A

8

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9
Q

Complete proteins

A

Foods that contain all 8 essential amino acids

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10
Q

Vitamin

A

A required organic compound that is not a carbohydrate, fat, protein, or mineral

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11
Q

Digestion

A

The reduction of food by mechanical and chemical means to simple, soluble molecules that can be absorbed and transported to the cells of the body

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12
Q

Alimentary system

A

The system involved in the acquisition of nutrients

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13
Q

Five regionalized functions of the alimentary system

A

1) Ingestion
2) Conduction and storage
3) Grinding and preliminary digestion
4) Final digestion and absorption
5) Water absorption and concentration of waste

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14
Q

What are the two layers that compose the mammal tooth?

A

1) Enamel

2) Dentin

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15
Q

Enamel

A

Almost completely mineral

Hardest material in the body

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16
Q

Herbivores typically lack what kind of teeth?

A

Canines

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17
Q

Herbivores typically have what kind of teeth?

A

Premolars and molars formed into continuous ridged surfaces

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18
Q

Monotremes and eutherian anteaters lack what?

A

All teeth

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19
Q

Whales in the suborder Mysticeti lack what?

A

All teeth

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20
Q

How do whales in the suborder Mysticeti feed?

A

By filtering seawater through baleen plates composed of keratin

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21
Q

In addition to oral jaws, some fish have what?

A

Well-developed pharyngeal (throat) jaws used in the processing of food

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22
Q

Gill rakers

A

Extentions of the gill arches

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23
Q

Gill rakers contribute to what?

A

The collection of food

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24
Q

Gill rakers reflect what?

A

Feeding diversity

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25
How do simple multicellular animals digest food?
They combine functions of digestion in single cells
26
How do sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms digest food?
Intracellular digestion
27
Intracellular digestion
Food particles brought into cells by phagocytosis
28
What is the site of extracellular digestion?
A gastrovascular cavity
29
Crop
An expansion of the esophagus used to store food prior to digestion
30
Gizzard
Grinds food
31
What two structures are possessed by birds, insects, and earthworms that facilitate digestion?
1) Crop | 2) Gizzard
32
Gastric cecae
Sites of enzyme secretion, extracellular digestion, and absorption of nutrients in insects
33
In insects, what serves primarily in water water absorption?
The hindgut portion of the intestine
34
Salivary glands
Produce mucus secretions Assist in swallowing and produce amylase
35
Amylase
Enzyme that breaks carbohydrates into maltose
36
Epiglottis
A valve in the pharynx that prevents food from entering the trachea
37
What holds food in the stomach?
Muscular sphincters
38
What happens to food while it is in the stomach?
It is subjected to mixing
39
Gastric juices
Secreted by the stomach Contain hydrochloric acids and pepsin
40
Pepsin
Enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides
41
Gastric glands give rise to:
1) Gastric juices | 2) Mucus (protects stomach from digestion)
42
Pepsinogen
Precursor to pepsin Changes configuration in response to acid
43
Chyme
Partially digested food
44
Chyme is released from the stomach into what?
The duodenum of the small intestine
45
Pancreatic juice
Increases the pH
46
Pancreatic juice includes what?
Proteases
47
Proteases
Enzymes that split proteins
48
Bile
Separate fat into tiny droplets that can be broken down by lipases
49
Bile is produced where?
Liver
50
Bile is released by what?
Gallbladder
51
Primary function of small intestine
Absorption of nutrients
52
Villi
Finger-like projections of the intestinal epithelium
53
Microvilli
Finger-like projections of the epithelial cells
54
How much do villi and microvilli increase the surface area of the small intestine?
1000 times
55
In the small intestine, what diffuses into the epithelial cells?
1) Amino acids 2) SImple sugars (glucose, fructose) 3) Monoglycerides
56
What happens after molecules are absorbed into the epithelium of the small intestine?
The molecules are then passed to the blood stream
57
Large intestine
Consolidates the indigestible remnants of digestion by reabsorption of water for form feces
58
The large intestine houses what?
Many bacteria
59
Bacteria in the large intestine can synthesize what vitamins?
1) Vitamin K | 2) B vitamins
60
Cellulase
Enzyme that digest cellulose (sugar of plant cells)
61
Do any mulicellular animals produce cellulase?
No
62
Fermentation
Process by which many vertebrate herbivores use microorganisms that produce cellulase to digest cellulose
63
Foregut fermenters
Cows, sheep, hippos Chew vegetation repeatedly, as it is passed back and forth between the fermentation chamber and the mouth
64
Hindgut fermenters
Horses, koalas, pigs

BIOL 172 (29 decks)

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