Ch 45 Endocrine System

Question 1

Hormones

Answer 1

Chemical signals

Question 2

Where are hormones secreted into?

Answer 2

The circulatory system

Question 3

Hormones serve what purpose?

Answer 3

Communicating regulatory messages within the body

Question 4

What allows hormones only to effect target cells?

Answer 4

Receptors on those target cells for the specific hormone

Question 5

What two systems coordinate internal communication?

Answer 5

1) Endocrine system

2) Nervous system

Question 6

Endocrine system

Answer 6

Secretes hormones that coordinate slower, but longer-acting responses

Question 7

Nervous system

Answer 7

Conveys high-speed electrical signals along neurons

Question 8

What do signals within the nervous system do?

Answer 8

Regulate other cells

Question 9

Neurons

Answer 9

Specialized cells of the nervous system

Question 10

Endocrine signaling maintains what?

Answer 10

Homeostasis

Question 11

Endocrine signaling mediates what?

Answer 11

Responses to stimuli

Question 12

Endocrine signaling regulates what?

Answer 12

Growth and development

Question 13

Local regulators

Answer 13

Molecules that act over short distances

Question 14

How do local regulators reach target cells?

Answer 14

Solely by diffusion

Question 15

Two types of signaling that produces local regulators

Answer 15

1) Paracrine signaling

2) Autocrine signaling

Question 16

Paracrine signaling

Answer 16

Target cells lie near the secreting cells

Act locally by diffusing to nearby target cells

Question 17

Autocrine signaling

Answer 17

Target cell is also the secreting cell

Have regulatory action on the cell that produces them

Question 18

Endocrine glands

Answer 18

Small, ductless glands that release hormones into blood vessels

Question 19

Synapses

Answer 19

Specialized junction formed between neurons and target cells

Question 20

Neurons secrete what?

Answer 20

Neurotransmitters

Question 21

Neurotransmitters

Answer 21

Molecules that diffuse short distances and bind to receptors on target cells

Question 22

Neurosecretory cells

Answer 22

Specialized nerves in the brain that secrete neurohormones into the circulatory system

Question 23

Three major classes of molecules that function as hormones

Answer 23

1) Polypeptides
2) Amines
3) Steroids

Question 24

What two major classes of molecules that function as hormones are also water soluble?

Answer 24

1) Polypeptides

2) Amines

Question 25

What major class of molecules that function as hormones are also lipid soluble?

Answer 25

Steroids

Question 26

Water soluble hormones freely diffuse into what?

Answer 26

The blood

Question 27

Water soluble hormones bind to what?

Answer 27

Signal receptor proteins in cell membranes

Question 28

How do lipid soluble hormones enter the circulatory system?

Answer 28

Bound to transport proteins

Question 29

Once in the circulatory system, how do lipid soluble hormones reach their target cells?

Answer 29

Freely diffusing through cell membranes

Question 30

Hormones binding to membrane receptor proteins activate what?

Answer 30

Second-messengers within the cell

Question 31

Second-messengers serve what purpose?

Answer 31

They are used in multiple reactions

Question 32

Second-messenger activation amplifies what?

Answer 32

The hormone's signal and activates kinases

Question 33

Kinases

Answer 33

Molecules that regulate enzymes

Question 34

Steroids hormones (estrogen, testosterone) bind to proteins located where?

Answer 34

In the cytoplasm

Question 35

What happens after steroid hormones bind to proteins in the cytoplasm?

Answer 35

The hormone-receptor complex enters the cell nucleus and activates/inhibits transcription of specific genes

Question 36

Genetic code leaves the nucleus in what form?

Answer 36

Messenger RNA

Question 37

Ribosomes

Answer 37

Translate mRNA into polypeptides

Question 38

How do members of the same animal species sometimes communicate?

Answer 38

With pheremones

Question 39

Pheremones

Answer 39

Chemicals that are released into the environment

Question 40

Functions of pheremones

Answer 40

1) Marking trails leading to food 2) Defining territories 3) Warning of predators 4) Attracting potential mates

Question 41

The same hormones may have different effects on target cells that have different...

Answer 41

1) Receptors for the hormone 2) Signal pathways 3) Proteins for carrying out the response

Question 42

Can a hormone have different effects in different species?

Answer 42

Yes

Question 43

Epinephrine has multiple effects in mediating what?

Answer 43

The body's response to short-term stress

Question 44

Epinephrine binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of what?

Answer 44

Liver cells

Question 45

Binding of epinephrine and liver cells triggers what?

Answer 45

The release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes and result in the release of glucose into the bloodstream

Question 46

Simple hormonal negative feedback loops

Answer 46

The product of the hormonal response has a negative effect on the stimulation of further hormone release

Question 47

Antagonistic hormones

Answer 47

Have opposite effects and forms a homeostatic system of negative feedback loops

Question 48

Insulin

Answer 48

Reduces blood glucose by promoting uptake of glucose by cells and production of glycogen by the liver

Question 49

Glucagon

Answer 49

Increases blood glucose by stimulating breakdown of glygogen to glucose

Question 50

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent)

Answer 50

Autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells

Question 51

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent)

Answer 51

Involves insulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells due to change in insulin receptors

Question 52

Major endocrine glands

Answer 52

1) Hypothalamus 2) Pineal gland 3) Pituitary gland 4) Thyroid gland 5) Parathroid glands 6) Adrenal glands 7) Pancreas 8) Kidney 9) Ovaries 10) Testes (males)

Question 53

Organs containing endocrine cells

Answer 53

1) Thymus 2) Heart 3) Liver 4) Stomach 5) Kidney 6) Small intestine

Question 54

Hypothalamus

Answer 54

Receives information from the nervous system and initiates responses through the endocrine system

Question 55

What is attached to the hypothalamus?

Answer 55

Pituitary gland

Question 56

What two structures compose the pituitary gland?

Answer 56

1) Posterior pituitary | 2) Anterior pituitary

Question 57

Posterior pituitary

Answer 57

Stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus

Question 58

Anterior pituitary

Answer 58

Makes and releases hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus

Question 59

Tropic hormones effect what?

Answer 59

The release of other hormones

Question 60

Growth Hormone (GH)

Answer 60

Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and has tropic and nontropic actions and diverse metabolic effects

Question 61

Growth hormone stimulates the production of what?

Answer 61

Growth factors

Question 62

What causes gigantism?

Answer 62

An excess of growth hormone

Question 63

What causes dwarfism?

Answer 63

Lack of growth hormone

Question 64

Hormone cascade pathway

Answer 64

A hormone can stimulate the release of a series of other hormones, the last of which activates a nonendocrine target cell

Question 65

Do hormone cascade pathways typically involve negative or positive feedback?

Answer 65

Negative feedback

Question 66

The release of thyroid hormone to increase metabolism results from what?

Answer 66

A hormone cascade pathway involve the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and thyroid gland

Question 67

Adrenal gland

Answer 67

Releases hormones that regulate the stress response

Question 68

Where is the adrenal gland located?

Answer 68

On top of the kidney's

Question 69

Two glands that make up the adrenal gland

Answer 69

1) Adrenal medulla | 2) Adrenal cortex

Question 70

Adrenal medulla

Answer 70

Inner portion of adrenal gland Rapid response

Question 71

Adrenal cortex

Answer 71

Outer portion of adrenal gland Long-term response

Question 72

Three sex hormones

Answer 72

1) Androgens 2) Estrogens 3) Progestrins

Question 73

Are all three sex hormones found in males, females, or both?

Answer 73

Found in both males and females, but in different proportions

Question 74

Testes primarily synthesize what sex hormones?

Answer 74

Androgens Primarily testosterone

Question 75

Testosterone

Answer 75

Stimulates development and maintenance of the male reprodcutive system

Question 76

Estrogens

Answer 76

Responsible for maintenance of the female reproductive system and the development of female secondary sex characteristics

Question 77

What is the most important estrogen?

Answer 77

Estradiol

Question 78

Progestins serve what purpose in mammals?

Answer 78

Primarily involved in preparing and maintaining the uterus

Question 79

Pineal gland

Answer 79

Secretes melatonin Located in the brain

Question 80

What controls the release of melatonin?

Answer 80

Light and dark cycles

Question 81

The primary functions of melatonin appear to relate to what?

Answer 81

Biological rhythms associated with reproduction