Ch. 4 Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
basic function of epithelial tissue
A
covering
2
Q
basic function of connective tissue
A
support
3
Q
basic function of muscle tissue
A
movement
4
Q
basic function of nervous tissue
A
control
5
Q
what are the 4 basic tissue types
A
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
6
Q
how does epithelial tissue receive nutrients
A
from underlying connective tissue
7
Q
simple epithelial
A
single layer of cells attached to basement membrane
8
Q
stratified epithelia
A
multiple layers of cells, basal layer of cells attached to basement membrane
9
Q
describe simple squamous epithelium
A
singe layer of flat cells with disc shaped nuclei
10
Q
function of simple squamous epithelium
A
massage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration, secretes lubricating substances in serosae
11
Q
where in the body would simple squamous epithelium be found
A
renal corpuscles, alveoli of lungs, singing of heart, lymphatic vessels, lining of central boy cavity (serosae)
12
Q
describe simple cuboidal epithelium
A
single layer of tubelike cells with large spherical central nuclei
13
Q
function of simple cuboidal epithelium
A
secretion and absorption
14
Q
where in the body would simple cuboidal epithelium be found
A
kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
15
Q
describe simple columnar epithelium
A
single layer of column-shaped (rectangular) cells with oval nuclei, some ciliated, and may contain goblet cells
16
Q
function of simple columnar epithelium
A
absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances, ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells
17
Q
where in the body would simple columnar epithelium be located
A
non-ciliated form: lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands
ciliated form: lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus
18
Q
describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium
A
nuclei lie at varying heights w/in cells giving impression of stratification.
19
Q
describe stratified squamous epithelium
A
many layers of squamous shape cells, deeper layers appear cuboidal or columnar,
20
Q
what are the two types of stratified squamous epithelum
A
keratinized, and non-keratinized
21
Q
where and what are the properties of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
A
located on epidermis, waterproof, surface cells are dead and full of keratin
22
Q
where and what are the properties of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
A
forms moist lining of body openings
23
Q
function of stratified squamous epithelium
A
protects undoing tissues in areas subject for abrasion
24
Q
location of stratified squamous epithelium
A
keratinized- forms epidermis, non-keratinized- forms lining of mucous membranes
25
describe stratified cuboidal epithelium
generally 2 layers of cube-shaped cells
26
function of stratified cuboidal epithelium
protection
27
location of stratified cuboidal epithelium
forms ducts of mammary glands, salivary glands, and largest sweat glands
28
describe stratified columnar epithelium
several layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated
29
function of stratified columnar epithelium
protection and secretion
30
location of stratified columnar epithelium
rare tissue type, found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands
31
describe transitional epithelium
characteristics of stratified cuboidal and squamous cells, superficial cells dome-shaped when bladder is relaxed, squamous when full
32
function of traditional epithelium
permits dissension of urinary organs when they are filled with urine
33
location of traditional epithelium
urinary bladder, ureters, proximal urethra
34
endocrine glands
ductless glands that secrete directly into surrounding tissue fluid
35
what do endocrine glands produce
messenger molecules called hormones
36
importance of hormones
regulating body functions
37
exocrine glands
ducts carry products of exocrine gland to epithelial surface
38
what ducts are associated with exocrine glands
mucus-secreting glands, sweat/oil glands, salivary glands, and liver/pancreas
39
what do goblet cells produce
mucin
40
what makes up mucus
mucin + water
41
what are goblet cells
unicellular exocrine glands
42
what are the two basic parts of multicellular exocrine glands
epithelium-walled duct, and secretory unit
43
how are multicellular exocrine glands classified
by structure of duct; simple or compound
44
how are multicellular exocrine glands categorized
by secretory unit; tubular, alveolar, and tubuloalveolar
45
what are some factors binding epithelial cells together
adhesion proteins link plasma membranes of adjacent cells, contours of adjacent cell membranes, and special cell junctions
46
what is another name for tight junctions
zona occludens
47
function of tight junctions and where are they found
found at apical region, some proteins in PM of adjacent cells fused, prevent certain molecules from passing b/t cells of epithelial tissue
48
what is another name for adhesive belt junctins
zonula adherens- anchoring junction
49
describe structure of adhesive belt junctions
transmembrane linker proteins attach to actin microfilaments of cytoskeleton bind adjacent cells
50
what is the main type of junction for binding cells together
desmosomes
51
describe desmosomes
scattered along abutting sides of adjacent cells, cytoplasmic side of each PM has a plaque which are joined together by linker proteins, intermediate filaments extend across cytoplasm and anchor desmosomes on opposite side of cell.
52
where are desmosomes commonly found
cardiac muscle and epithelial tissue
53
function of gap junction
passageway b/t two adjacent cells, let small molecules move directly, connected by hollow cylinders of protein, function in intercellular communication
54
where is the basal lamina located
noncellular supporting sheet, boundary b/t epithelium and connective tissue
55
function of basal lamina
acts s selective filter, determining which molecules from capillaries enter epithelium, acts as scaffolding along which regenerating epithelial tissue cells can migrate
56
what forms the basement membrane
basal lamina and reticular layers of underlying connective tissue
57
what are microvilli
fingerlike extension of plasma membrane that have a core of actin filaments that stiffen the microvillus
58
where are microvilli abundant
kidney tubules and small intestine
59
function of microvilli
maximize surface across which small molecules enter or leave cell
60
what are cilia
whiplike, highly motile extensions of apical surface membranes
61
describe structure of cilia
contain core of microtubules held together by cross-linking and radial proteins, arrange in pairs (doublets)
62
how do cilia generate movement
when adjacent doublets grip each other w/ the motor protein dynein
63
what are the main classes of connective tissue
connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone tissue, and blood
64
list some important functions of connective tissue types
form bars of skeleton, store/carry nutrients, surround blood vessels and nerves, lead fight against infection
65
list some special characteristics of connective tissue
few cells, abundant extracellular matrix (composed of ground substance and fibers) produced by cells of connective tissue, common embryonic origin: mesenchyme
66
what types of cells do areolar connective tissue contain
fat cells, WBC, and mast cells
67
list the 3 types of fibers found in connective tissue and their functions
collagen fibers- strongest; resist tension
reticular fibers- bundles of special type of cartilage
elastic fibers- contain elastin; recoil after stretching
68
what are the different types of connective tissue proper
loose connective (areolar, adipose, reticular), and dense connective (regular, irregular, elastic)
69
what are the different types of cartilage connective tissue
hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage
70
what are the different types of bone connective tissue
compact bone and spongy bone
71
what types of fibers are found in the extracellular matrix of areolar connective tissue?
collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fiber
72
what are the 3 main functions of areolar connective tissue?
wraps/cushions organs, holds/conveys tissue fluid, role in inflammation
73
where in the body is areolar connective tissue found
under epithelia, packages organs, surrounds capillaries
74
describe adipose tissue
closely packed adipocytes, nucleus pushed to one side of fat droplet, richly vascularized
75
function of adipose tissue
provides reserve food fuel, insulates agains heat loss, support and protects organs
76
where in the body is adipose tissue located
unde skin, around kidneys, behind eyeballs, w/in abdomen, breasts, and hypodermis
77
purpose of brown adipose tissue
produces heat, occurs in babies to aid thermoregulation, in adults: b/t scapulae, side of anterior neck, and anterior abdominal wall
78
describe reticular connective tissue
network of reticular fibers in loose ground substance
79
function of reticular connective tissue
forms soft, internal skeleton (stroma), and supports other cell types
80
where in the body is reticular connective tissue found
lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen
81
describe dense connective tissues
resist strong pulling forces, and have more collagen than areolar connective tissue
82
describe dense irregular connective tissue
collagen fibers are thick and irregularly arranged, contains some elastic fibers and fibroblasts
83
function of dense irregular connective tissue
w/stands tension, and provides structural strength
84
where in the body is dense irregular connective tissue located
dermis of skin, submucosa of digestive tract, fibrous capsules of joints, and capsulessurroundsng organs (kidneys, bone, lymph nodes)
85
describe dense regular connective tissue
collagen fibers parallel to direction of pull, fibroblasts located b/t collagen fibers, tensile strength, poorly vascularized, forms fascia
86
function of dense regular connective tissue
attaches: muscle to bone, bone to bone, w/stands great stress in one direction
87
where in the body is dense regular connective tissue found
tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, fascia around muscles
88
describe elastic connective tissue
elastic fibers predominate
89
function of elastic connective tissue
allows recoil after stretching
90
where in the body is elastic connective tissue located
w/in walls of arteries, in certain ligaments, and surrounding bronchial tubes
91
what are some properties all types of cartilage share
firm, flexible tissue, no blood vessels/nerves, matrix up to 80% water, cells: chondrocyte and chondroblasts
92
describe byline cartilage
glassy look, chondroblasts produce matrix, chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells) lie w/in lacunae
93
function of hyaline cartilage
supports, reinforces, resilient cushion, resists repetitive stress
94
where in the body is hyaline cartilage found
fetal skeleton, ends of long bones, costal cartilage of ribs, cartilages of nose, trachea, and larynx
95
describe elastic cartilage
similar to hyaline cartilage, more elastic fibers in matrix
96
function of elastic cartilage
maintains shape of structure, allows great flexibility
97
where in the body is elastic cartilage located
supports external ear, and epiglottis
98
describe fibrocartilage
matrix similar but less firm than hyaline cartilage, thick collagen fibers predominate
99
function of fibrocartilage
tensile strength and ability to absorb compressive shock
100
where in the body is fibrocartilage located
intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and discs of knee joint
101
describe bone tissue
bone matrix contains inorganic calcium salts, abundance of collagen fibers, osteocytes in lacunae
102
function of bone tissue
supports/protects organs, provides levers and attachment site for muscles, stores calcium and mother minerals, stores fat, marrow site for blood cell formation
103
describe blood tissue
atypical connective tissue, develops from mesenchyme, consists of cells surrounded by nonliving matrix, RBC and WBC in fled matrix
104
function of blood tissue
transport or respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes
105
where in the body is blood tissue located
w/in blood vessels
106
list 3 types of lining membranes
cutaneous membrane, mucous membranes, and serous membrane
107
cutaneous membrane
skin
108
what does mesothelium line
close cavities like pleural cavity, peritoneal cavity, pericardial cavity
109
what are muscle cells called
muscle fibers
110
what do myofilaments contain
actin and myosin
111
what are 3 type of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue
112
describe skeletal muscle tissue
long, cylindrical cells, multinucleate, and striations
113
function of skeletal muscle tissue
voluntary movement, manipulation of environment, facial expression
114
where are skeletal muscle muscles located
attach to bones (occasionally to skin)
115
describe cardiac muscle tissue
branching cell, striated, generally uninucleate, cells interdigitate at intercalated discs
116
function of cardiac muscle tissue
contracts to propel blood into circulatory system
117
describe smooth muscle tissue
spindle-shaped cells w/ central nuclei, arranged closely to form sheets, no striations
118
function of smooth muscle tissue
propels substances along internal passageways, and involuntary control
119
where is smooth muscle tissue located
mostly walls of hollow organs
120
describe nervous tissue
main components are brain, final cord, and nerves
121
what two types of cells that are found in nervous tissue
neurons and neuroglia
122
function of nervous tissue
transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors
123
inflammatory response
non-specific, local response, limits damage to injury site
124
immune response
takes longer to develop and very specific, destroys particular microorganisms at site of infection
125
edema
accumulation of fluid
126
what is the purpose of edema
helps dilute toxins secreted by bacteria, brings oxygen and nutrients from blood, brings antibodies of blood to fight infection
127
regeneration
replacement of destroyed tissue with same type of tissue
128
fibrosis
proliferation of scar tissue
129
what types of tissue have a good to excellent change of regeneration
epithelial tissue, bone, areolar, dense irregular, and blood-forming connective tissue
130
what types of tissue have a moderate change for regeneration
smooth muscle, dense regular connective tissue
131
what types of tissue have a weak capacity for regeneration
skeletal and cartilage
132
which types of tissue have none or almost no change of regeneration
cardiac, and nervous tissue
