E5 Ch. 24

Question 1

list the important functions of the kidneys

Answer 1

maintain chemical consistency of blood, filter fluid from blood, send toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess water out of body

Question 2

list the 3 nitrogenous waste products that the kidney send out of the body

Answer 2

urea, uric acid, creatinine

Question 3

list the organs of the urinary system

Answer 3

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Question 4

where are the kidneys located

Answer 4

retroperitoneally (behind peritoneum), lateral to T12-L3 vertebrae

Question 5

what is the hilum

Answer 5

concave surface where vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney

Question 6

what is the fibrous capsule of the kidney made of and its purpose

Answer 6

capsule of dense connective tissue surrounding kidney that inhibits spread of infections

Question 7

where is the perirenal fat capsule located

Answer 7

external to renal capsule of the kidney

Question 8

where is the renal fascia located and what does it contain

Answer 8

external to perirenal fat capsule; contains fat

Question 9

describe the renal cortex

Answer 9

superficial region, granular appearance

Question 10

what does the renal medulla consist of

Answer 10

cone-shaped renal pyramids

Question 11

describe the renal plexus

Answer 11

network of autonomic fibers, offshoot of celiac plexus, supplied by sympathetic fibers from lowest thoracic splanchnic nerve and 1st lumbar splanchnic nerve

Question 12

what is the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 12

nephron; over 1 million in each kidney

Question 13

what are the mechanisms of urine production

Answer 13

filtration, resorption, and secretion

Question 14

filtration

Answer 14

filtrate of blood leaves kidney capillaries

Question 15

resorption

Answer 15

most nutrients, water, and essential ions reclaimed

Question 16

secretion

Answer 16

active process of removing undesirable molecules

Question 17

what is the nephron composed of

Answer 17

renal tubule and renal corpuscle

Question 18

what is the renal corpuscle

Answer 18

first part of nephron

Question 19

what is a glomerulus

Answer 19

tuft of fenestrated capillaries

Question 20

what type of tissue is found in the parietal layer of the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

Answer 20

simple squamous epi.

Question 21

what does the visceral layer of the glomerular (bowman’s) capsule consist of

Answer 21

podocytes

Question 22

what is the filtration membrane

Answer 22

filter that lies b/t blood in the glomerulus and capsular space

Question 23

what are the 3 layers that make up the filtration membrane

Answer 23

1. fenestrated endothelium of the capillary
2. filtration slits b/t foot processes of podocytes
3. basement membrane

Question 24

what do the basement membrane and slit diaphragm hold back and allow passage of

Answer 24

hold back most proteins, allow passage of water, ions, glucose, amino acids, and urea

Question 25

function of collecting ducts

Answer 25

receive urine from several nephrons, play important role in conserving body fluids

Question 26

where is ADH secreted and what does it do

Answer 26

secreted from posterior pituitary; increases permeability of collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules to water

Question 27

list the different classes of nephrons

Answer 27

cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 28

what percentage of nephrons are cortical nephrons

Answer 28

85%

Question 29

what percentage of nephrons are juxtamedullary nephrons and what do they contribute to

Answer 29

15%; contribute to kidney's ability to concentrate urine

Question 30

what 2 capillary beds are nephrons closely associated w/

Answer 30

glomeruli, peritubular capillaries in cortical nephrons or vasa recta in juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 31

what does the glomeruli produce

Answer 31

filtrate that becomes urine

Question 32

how much fluid is generated by glomeruli

Answer 32

1 liter of fluid every 8 minutes, 99% of which is resorbed by tubules

Question 33

where do peritubular capillaries arise from

Answer 33

efferent arterioles draining cortical glomeruli

Question 34

what are peritubular capillaries adapted for

Answer 34

absorption; low-pressure, porous capillaries, all molecules secreted by nephrons into urine are from peritubular capillaries

Question 35

where does the vasa recta continue from

Answer 35

efferent arteriles of juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 36

what is the vasa recta

Answer 36

thin-walled looping vessels descending into medulla, part of kidneys urine concentrating mechanism

Question 37

what is the juxtaglomerular complex

Answer 37

an area of specialized contact b/t terminal end of the ascending limb and afferent arteriole that functions in regulating BP

Question 38

what are granular cells

Answer 38

modified smooth muscle cells w/ secretory granules

Question 39

what type of hormone do granular cells contain and what is that hormones function

Answer 39

the hormone renin; secreted in response to falling BP in afferent arteriole

Question 40

what is the macula densa and its function

Answer 40

tall, closely packed epi cells adjacent to granular cells found at the end of nephron loop; monitor solute concentration in filtrate, signal granular cells to secrete renin, initiates renin-angiotensin mechanism

Question 41

where are mesangial cell located and its function

Answer 41

located around base of glomerulus; regulate blood flow w/in glomerulus

Question 42

function of extraglomerular mesangial cells

Answer 42

interact w/ macula densa and granular cells to help regulate BP

Question 43

what type of tissue is found in the mucosa of the ureter

Answer 43

transitional epi

Question 44

describe the muscularis found in the ureters

Answer 44

2 layers: inner longitudinal and outer circular layers

Question 45

what is the outermost layer of the ureter

Answer 45

adventitia- typical connective tissue

Question 46

where are does the urinary bladder occupy when its full and when its empty

Answer 46

full- spherical; expands into abdominal cavity | empty- lies entirely w/in pelvis

Question 47

what is the urachus

Answer 47

closed remnant of the allantois

Question 48

list and describe the 3 layers of the urinary bladder

Answer 48

1. mucosa- transitional epi 2. thick muscular layer-detrusor 3. fibrous adventitia

Question 49

what type of tissue is found in the urethra

Answer 49

``` Proximal end-transitional epi. near bladder mid urethra (in males)- stratified and pseudostratified columnar distal end (near urethral opening)- strarified squamous epi. ```

Question 50

describe the internal and external urethral sphincters

Answer 50

internal- involuntary smooth muscle | external- voluntarily inhibits urination, relaxes when one urinates

Question 51

what are the differences in urethra length b/t males and females

Answer 51

females- 3-4 cm | males- 20 cm

Question 52

what are the 3 named regions of the male urethra

Answer 52

prostatic, intermediate part, and spongy (penile) urethra

Question 53

where does the prostatic urethra pass though

Answer 53

prostate gland

Question 54

where does the intermediate part of urethra pass though

Answer 54

urogenital diaphragm

Question 55

where does the spongy (penile) urethra pass through

Answer 55

through the length of the penis

Question 56

urinary tract infections

Answer 56

burning sensation during micturition; more common in females

Question 57

renal calculi

Answer 57

kidney stones

Question 58

what percentage of cancer are bladder cancer and who are the more common among

Answer 58

3%; more common in men

Question 59

where does kidney cancer arise from

Answer 59

epithelial cells of uriniferous tubules

Question 60

name the 3 pairs of kidneys the embryo develops

Answer 60

pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros

Question 61

which of the 3 paris of kidneys developed by the embryo goes on to become the adult kidneys

Answer 61

metanephros, produce urine by fetal month 3, contribute to volume of amniotic fluid