E4 Ch. 20

Question 1

list the 3 major types of blood vessels

Answer 1

arteries, capillaries, and veins

Question 2

arteries

Answer 2

carry blood away from heart

Question 3

arterioles

Answer 3

smallest arteries

Question 4

capillaries

Answer 4

smallest blood vessels

Question 5

venules

Answer 5

receive blood from capillaries

Question 6

veins

Answer 6

receive blood from venules

Question 7

name the 3 tunics that comprise blood vessels

Answer 7

tunic intima, tunica, media, and tunica externa

Question 8

what is the tunic intima made up of

Answer 8

contains endothelium and subendothelial layer

Question 9

purpose of the tunica media

Answer 9

sheets of smooth muscle, responsible for contraction (vasoconstriction) and relaxation (vasodilation)

Question 10

lumen

Answer 10

central blood-filled space of a vessel

Question 11

what are the different types of arteries

Answer 11

elastic, muscular (distributing), and arterioles,

Question 12

describe elastic arteries

Answer 12

largest, diameter 2.5-1 cm, sometimes called conducting arteries

Question 13

what structures are elastic arteries

Answer 13

aorta and its major branches

Question 14

function of elastic arteries

Answer 14

high elastin content dampens surge of blood pressure

Question 15

describe some features of muscular arteries

Answer 15

lies distal to elastic arteries, diameter 1cm- 0.3mm, thick tunica media, has internal and external elastic laminae

Question 16

what are some features of arterioles

Answer 16

smallest arteries, dameter 0.3mm -10um, possess all 3 tunics,

Question 17

what controls the diameter of arterioles

Answer 17

local factors in tissues, sympathetic NS

Question 18

what is the site specific function of capillaries in the lungs

Answer 18

oxygen enters blood, carbon dioxide leaves

Question 19

what is the site specific function of capillaries in the small intestines

Answer 19

receive digested nutrients

Question 20

what is the site specific function of capillaries in the endocrine glands

Answer 20

pick up hormones

Question 21

what is the site specific function of capillaries in the kidneys

Answer 21

remove of nitrogenous wastes

Question 22

intercellular clefts

Answer 22

gaps of unjoined membranes, allow small molecules in and out of capillaries

Question 23

what is the most common type of capillary

Answer 23

continuous capillaries, occur in most organs, least permeable

Question 24

describe fenestrated capillaries

Answer 24

joined by tight junctions and desmosomes, have pores in endothelium

Question 25

where do fenestrated capillaries mostly occur

Answer 25

areas where high rates of exchange occur; intestines, glomeruli of kidneys, and endocrine glands

Question 26

list the different types of capillaries

Answer 26

continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoids

Question 27

describe sinusoid capillaries

Answer 27

wide, leaky found in some organs, usually fenestrated, intercellular clefts wide open

Question 28

where do sinusoid capillaries typically occur

Answer 28

bone marrow, and spleen

Question 29

what are the 4 different routes in and out of capillaries (permeability)

Answer 29

direct diffusion, though intercellular clefts, cytoplasmic vesicles, and fenestrations

Question 30

what is an example of low-permeability capillaries

Answer 30

blood brain barrier; have complete tight junctions, only vial molecules pas through

Question 31

what molecules can pass though the blood brain barrier

Answer 31

oxygen, carbon dioxide, and some anesthetics

Question 32

function of pre-capillary sphincters

Answer 32

regulate the flow of blood to tissue

Question 33

what are capillary beds

Answer 33

network of capillaries running though tissues regulated by pre-capillary sphincters

Question 34

describe venules

Answer 34

smallest veins, 8-10um, join to form veins

Question 35

what are postcapillary venules

Answer 35

smallest venules

Question 36

what are some differences found in veins when compared to arteries

Answer 36

larger lumen, thicker tunica externa, thinner walls w/ less elastin

Question 37

what is the skeletal muscle pump

Answer 37

muscles press against thin-walled veins

Question 38

vascular anastomoses

Answer 38

vessels interconnect to form this, organs receive blood from more than one arterial source

Question 39

arterial astomoses

Answer 39

neighboring arteries from this, provide collateral channels

Question 40

describe the systemic circulation

Answer 40

systemic arteries carry oxygenated blood away from heart to rest of body

Question 41

what region of the vertebrae does the thoracic aorta lie

Answer 41

region of T5-T12

Question 42

what region of the vertebrae does the abdominal aorta lie

Answer 42

ends ends at L4 right below the thoracic aorta

Question 43

name the paired arteries that supply the head and neck

Answer 43

carotid arteries

Question 44

what does the subclavian arteries branch into

Answer 44

vertebral arteries, thyrocervical trunk, and costocervical trunk

Question 45

the superior and inferior vena cava returns blood from which regions of the body

Answer 45

superior vc- from body regions superior to diaphragm inferior vc- returns blood from body region inferior to diaphragm

Question 46

name the types of dural sinuses

Answer 46

straight, transverse, and sigmoid sinuses

Question 47

describe the hepatic portal system

Answer 47

part of vascular circuit, picks up digested nutrients, delivers to liver for processing

Question 48

where are the capillary beds of the hepatic portal system located

Answer 48

``` 1st= stomach and intestines 2nd= liver sinusoids ```

Question 49

name the veins associated w/ the hepatic portal system

Answer 49

superior/inferior mesenteric vein and splenic vein

Question 50

what is portal systemic anastomoses

Answer 50

scarring and degeneration of liver

Question 51

what is the cause and effects portal systemic anastomoses

Answer 51

leads to blockage of liver sinusoids which raises BP (portal hypertension), which leads to emergency anastomoses for portal blood

Question 52

in the umbilical umbilical cord of a fetus which umbilical vessels are paired and unpaired

Answer 52

paired umbilical arteries, unpaired umbilical vein