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Anatomy > E4 Ch. 16 > Flashcards

E4 Ch. 16 Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

what are the special senses

A

taste, smell, sight, hearing, and balance

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2
Q

define touch

A

a large group of general senses

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3
Q

describe special sensory receptors

A

localized (confined to head region), distinct receptor cells, special receptor cells

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4
Q

describe special receptor cells

A

neuron like epithelial cells or small peripheral neurons, transfer sensory info to other neurons in afferent pathways

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5
Q

another name for taste

A

gustation

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6
Q

another name for smell

A

olfaction

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7
Q

what are the receptors for taste and smell classified as

A

chemoreceptors

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8
Q

describe chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemicals; food dissolved in saliva, airborne chemicals that dissolve in fluids of the nasal mucosa

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9
Q

where do taste receptors occur

A

in taste buds; most found on surface of tongue, located w/in tongue papillae

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10
Q

name the 2 types of papillae (with taste buds)

A

fungiform and vallate papillae

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11
Q

what are the 2 major cell types found in taste buds

A

gustatory epithelial cells (supporting cells) and basal epithelial cells (gustatory cells)

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12
Q

how often are taste buds replaced

A

every 7-10 days

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13
Q

name the 5 basic qualities of taste

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami

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14
Q

what chemical is “umami” elicited by

A

glutamate

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15
Q

what part of the brain does taste info. reach and though which nerves

A

the cerebral cortex; facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves, some though vagus nerve (X)

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16
Q

describe the gustatory pathway

A

sensory neurons synapse in medulla located in solitary nucleus, impulses transmitted to thalamus to gustatory area of cerebral cortex in insula

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17
Q

olfactory epithelium is pseudostratified columnar and contains what 3 main cell types

A

olfactory sensory neurons, supporting epithelial cells, and olfactory stem cells

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18
Q

where are the cell bodies of olfactory sensory neurons located

A

in olfactory epithelium; have apical dendrite that projects to epithelial surface

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19
Q

what acts as a receptive structure for smell

A

olfactory cilia; mucus captures and dissolves oder molecules

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20
Q

describe filaments of the olfactory nerve

A

bundled axons of olfactory sensory neurons

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21
Q

what structures do the filaments of the olfactory nerve penetrate and where does it synapse with

A

penetrate cribriform plate of ethmoid bone to enter the olfactory bulbs and synapse w/ mitral cells

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22
Q

function of mitral cells

A

transmit impulses along olfactory tract to the limbic system and the piriform lobe of the cerebral cortex

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23
Q

anosmia

A

absence of the sense of smell, due to injury, colds, allergies, or zinc deficiency

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24
Q

uncinate fits

A

distortion of smells or olfactory hallucinations, often results from irritation of olfactory pathways after brain surgery or head trauma

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25
olfactory epithelium is derived from what
olfactory placodes
26
how are taste buds developed
upon stimulation by gustatory nerves
27
list the accessory structures of the eye
eyebrows, eyelids, lacrimal caruncle, tarsal plates, tarsal glands, and conjunctiva
28
describe the conjunctiva and list its parts
transparent mucous membrane; palpebral conjunctiva, bulbar conjunctiva, and conjunctival sac
29
function of the lacrimal apparatus
keeps surface of eye moist
30
lacrimal gland
produces lacrimal fluid
31
lacrimal sac
fluid empties into nasal cavity
32
how many muscles control eye movement and where do they originate/insert
6; originate in walls of orbit, insert on outer surface of eyeball
33
what is the origin of the 4 rectus muscles of the eye
anular ring
34
list the 6 extrinsic eye muscles
lateral, medial, superior, inferior rectus, superior, inferior oblique
35
function of the sclera
provides shape and an anchor for eye muscles
36
function of limbus
junction b/t sclera and cornea
37
purpose of the scleral venous sinus
allows aqueous humor to drain
38
purpose of the choroid
vascular, darkly pigmented membrane that prevents scattering of light rays w/in the eye
39
what type of muscle is the iris composed of
smooth muscle
40
what is the pupillary light reflex
protective response of pupil constriction when a bright light is flashed in the eye
41
what two laters compose the retina
pigmented layer and neural layer
42
describe the pigmented layer of the retina
single layer of melanocytes
43
describe he neural layer of the retina and the 3 types of neurons found there
sheet of nervous tissue; photoreceptor, bipolar, and ganglion cells
44
describe the 2 main types of photoreceptors
rod cells- more sensitive to light; allows vision in dim light, black and white cone cells- operate bes in bright light; enable high-acuity, color vision
45
ora serrata
neural layer ends at posterior margin of the ciliary body, pigmented layer covers ciliary body and posterior surface of the iris
46
what type of photoreceptors are found in the macula lutea
mostly cones
47
what type of photoreceptors are found in the fovea centralis
only cones; region of highest visual acuity
48
what two sources supply blood to the retina
outer third of retina receives from capillaries in the choroid inner two-thirds of retina receives from the central artery and vein of the retina
49
function of the vitreous humor
transmits light, support posterior surface of lens, helps maintain intraocular pressure
50
function of aqueous humor
formed as a blood filtrate; supplies nutrients to lens and cornea
51
what structures make up the refractory media
lens, cornea, and humors
52
what is the refractory media
light bending structures
53
where does visual information travel to
mostly in cerebral cortex, other pathways include nuclei in the midbrain and diencephalon
54
describe the visual pathway to the cerebral cortex
light, beings at retina, activates photoreceptors which signal bipolar cells which signal ganglion cells then axons of ganglion cells exit eye as the optic nerve, axons to lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus, synapse w/ thalamic neurons, fibers of optic radiation reach primary visual cortex
55
retinopathy of prematurity
blood vessels grow w/in eyes of premature infants, vessels have weak walls causing hemorrhaging and blindness
56
trachoma
contagious infection of the conjunctiva
57
what are the 3 main regions of the ear and what are their general functions
external- hearing middle- hearing internal- hearing and equilibrium
58
name the structures that make up the external ear
auricle, external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane
59
function of auricle
helps direct sounds
60
what components does the external acoustic meatus contain
hairs, sebaceous glands, and ceruminous glands
61
function of tympanic membrane
forms boundary b/t external and middle ear
62
what 3 parts comprise the bony labyrinth (internal ear)
semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea
63
what is the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear
series of membrane-walled sacs and ducts that fit w/in the bony labyrinth
64
what 3 parts comprise the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear
semicircular ducs, utricle and saccule, and cochlear duct
65
what type of fluid is found w/in the membranous labyrinth
endolymph
66
what type of fluid is found w/in the bony labyrinth
perilymph; continous w/ CSF
67
what area of the cochlea contains receptors for hearing
the cochlear duct (scala media)
68
spiral organ
receptor epithelium for hearing
69
function of inner hair cells
receptors that transmit vibrations of the basilar membrane
70
function of the outer hair cells
actively tune the cochlea and amplify the signal
71
function of the macula of the vestibule
monitor position of head when head is still
72
what planes do the 3 semicircular canals lie in
anterior and posterior semicircular canals= vertical plane @ right angles lateral semicircular canal=horizontal plane
73
where is the crista ampullaris located and its function
housed in membranous ampulla; contains receptor cells of rotational acceleration, epithelium contains supporting cells and receptor hair cells
74
describe the steps of the auditory pathway
impulses from cochlear nerve to cochlear nuclei in medulla, neurons project to superior olivary nuclei, axons ascend in lateral lemniscus to inferior colliculus, projects to medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus to primary auditory cortex
75
describe the equilibrium pathway
transmits info on position and movement of head, most info goes to lower brain centers (reflex centers)
76
motion sickness
carsickness, seasickness, popular theory for a cause- mismatch of sensory inputs
77
Meniere's syndrome
equilibrium is greatly disturbed, excessive amounts of endolymph in membranous labyrinth
78
conduction deafness
sound vibrations cannot be conducted to the inner ear, ruptured tympanic membrane, otitis media, otosclerosis
79
sensorineural deafness
results from damage to any part of the auditory pathway
80
presbycusis
gradual loss of hearing w/ age

Anatomy (20 decks)

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