Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > E5 Ch. 17 > Flashcards

E5 Ch. 17 Flashcards

(104 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

define endocrinology

A

study of hormones and endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

list the various pure endocrine organs

A

pituitary, pineal gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

list the organs containing large portion of endocrine cells

A

pancreas, thymus, gonads, and hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

list the various organs that contain some endocrine cells

A

heart, digestive tract, kidneys, and skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what type of molecules are secreted by the endocrine system

A

hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the two classes of hormones

A

amino acid-based and steroids (derived from cholesterol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the basic action of hormones

A

circulate throughout body in blood vessels influencing only target cells (different effects on different target cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

list the different types of stimuli that trigger secretion of hormones

A

humoral, neural, and hormonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe humoral hormone secretions

A

secretion in direct response to changing ion or nutrient levels in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe neural hormone secrtion

A

sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate cells in adrenal medulla, induces release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe hormonal hormone secretion

A

stimuli received from other glands, certain hormones signal secretion of other hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what controls hormone secretion

A

feedback loops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how many hormones does the pituitary gland secrete

A

9 major hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where is the pituitary gland located

A

attached to hypothalamus by infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the 2 basic divisions of the pituitary gland

A

anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 3 major division of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the 2 major divisions of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

pars nervosa and infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe the pars distalis

A

largest of anterior lobe, contain 5 different endocrine cells, makes/secretes 7 different hormones, tropic hormones regulate hormone secretion by other glands (TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what hormones are secreted by the anterior lobe

A

MSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, GH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what produces the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and what does it signal

A

produced by thyrotropic cells; signals thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does the adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulate

A

adrenal cortex to secrete hormones that help cope w/ stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what produces gonadotropins

A

gonadotropic cells; FSH and LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what produces growth hormones (GH) and what does it stimulate

A

produced by somatotropic cells, stimulates body growth by stimulating increased protein production and growth of epiphyseal plates, directly/indirectly by liver’s secretion of insulin-like growth factor-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

function of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

in humans, functions in appetite suppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what produces prolactin, and its function
produced by prolactin cells, targets milk-producing glands in breast- stimulates milk production
26
what are the 5 cell types of the anterior lobe classified as
acidophils, basophils, and chromophobes
27
how does the hypothalamus control anterior lobe hormones
exerts control by secreting releasing hormones (prompt anterior lobe to release hormones), and inhibiting hormones (turn off secretion of anterior lobe hormones)
28
describe how releasing hormones are secreted
like neurotransmitters; enter primary capillary plexus to hypophyseal portal veins to secondary capillary plexus, hormones secreted y anterior lobe enter general circulation and travel to target organs
29
what makes up the hypothalamohypophyseal tract
axons of the posterior lobe, arise from neuronal cell bodies in the hypothalamus
30
what hormones does the posterior lobe make an release
doesn't make hormones just stores and releases hormones made in hypothalamus; antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
31
where is ADH made and its target
made in supraoptic nucleus, targets kidneys to resorb water
32
where is oxytocin produced and function
produced in paraventricular nucleus; induces smooth muscle contraction of reproductive organs, ejects milk during breast-feeding, and signals contraction of uterus during birth
33
where is the thyroid gland located and what is it composed of
located in anterior neck (largest purely endocrine gland), composed of follicles and areolar CT
34
what hormones does the thyroid gland produce
thyroid hormone (TH) and calcitonin
35
where are the parathyroid glands located
on posterior surface of thyroid gland
36
list the types of endocrine cells the parathyroid glands contain
chief cells, and oxyphil cells
37
function of chief cells
produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), increase blood concentration of Ca2+ (calcium)
38
function of oxyphil cells
function unknown
39
describe the adrenal (suprarenal) glands
pyramid-shaped, located on superior surface of each kidney, supplies ~ 60 suprarenal arteries, nerve supply almost exclusively sympathetic fibers
40
describe the function of the adrenal medulla
cluster of neurons, derived from neural crest, part of the sympathetic NS
41
describe the adrenal cortex
forms bulk of gland, derived from somatic mesoderm
42
what do all adrenal hormones do
help body cope w/ danger, terror, or stress
43
what are medullary chromaffin cells
modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons that secrete amine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
44
function of epinephrine, norepinephrine and where are they stored
enhance "flight or fight" response, hormones stored in secretory vesicles
45
what does the adrenal cortex secrete
lipid-based steroid hormones
46
list the layers that comprise the adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis
47
how are the cells of the zona glomerulosa arranged
in spherical clusters
48
how are the cells of the zona fasciculata arranged
parallel cords; contains lipid droplets
49
how are the cells of the zona reticularis arranged
branching network
50
what class of hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete list them
hormones are corticosteriods; mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
51
describe aldosterone, where are they secreted and why
mineralocorticoid; secreted by zona glomerulos, secreted in response to decline in blood volume/ BP, is the terminal hormone of the renin-angiotensin mechanism
52
what is the main type of glucocorticoids, where are they secreted and what do they do
cortisol main type; secreted by zona fasciculata and zona reticularis, helps body deal w/ stressful situations
53
where is the pineal gland located
located on roof of diencephaon
54
how are pinealocytes arranged
in spherical clusters and branching cords
55
"pineal sand"
radiopaque; used as landmark to identify other brain structures in X-ray films
56
what do pinealocytes secrete
melatonin; a hormone that regulates circadian rhythms
57
where is the pancreas located
posterior abdominal call
58
name the exocrine and endocrine cells of the pancreas
exocrine- acinar cells | endocrine- pancreatic islets
59
what do acinar cells secrete
digestive enzymes
60
list the main endocrine cells types of the pancreas
alpha and beta
61
what do alpha cells secrete and function
secrete glucagon; signal liver to release glucose from glycogen, raise blood sugar
62
what do beta cells secrete and function
secrete insulin; signal most body cells to take up glucose from blood, promote storage of glucose as glycogen in liver, lower blood sugar
63
list the 2 cell types that are found in pancreatic islets
delta and F (PP) cells
64
what do delta cells secrete and function
secrete somatostatin; inhibit secretion of insulin and glucagon
65
what do F (PP) cells secrete and function
secrete pancreatic polypeptide; may inhibit exocrine activity of the pancreas
66
where is the thymus located
lower neck and anterior thorax
67
function of thymus
site where T lymphocytes arise from precursor cells (transformation of lymphocytes stimulated by thymic hormones
68
what are the 2 types of thymic hormones
peptide molecules; thymopoietin and thymosin
69
where are the main sources of sex hormones
testes and ovaries
70
what do interstitial cells of males secrete
androgens primarily testosterone
71
function of testosterone
promote sperm formation, and maintains secondary sex characteristics
72
female androgens are secreted by
theca folliculi
73
what converts androgens to estrogen
by follicular granulosa cells
74
function of estorgen
maintains secondary sex characteristics
75
function of progesterone
preps uterus for pregnancy
76
describe the endocrine cells found in the heart
atria contain atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
77
what endocrine cells occur w/in the GI tract
enteroendocrine cells
78
describe the endocrine cells found in the placenta
sustains fetus and secretes several steroid protein hormones
79
describe the endocrine function of the kidneys
cells of juxtaglomerular complex (JGA) secrete renin endothelia cells/interstitial CT secrete erythropoietin
80
describe the endocrine function of the skin
modified cholesterol molecules convert to a precursor of vitamin D
81
type of disorder is gigantism
pituitary disorder; hyper-secretion of GH in children
82
pituitary dwarfism
hypo-secretion of GH
83
what type of disorder is diabetes insipidus
pituitary disorder; pars nervosa doesn't make enough ADH
84
diabetes mellitus is what type of disorder
disorder of the pancreas
85
what is the cause of diabetes mellitus
insufficient secretion of insulin, and resistance of body cells to the effects of insulin
86
describe type 1 diabetes
sudden development usually before age 15 T cell-meidated autoimmune response destroys beta cells
87
describe type 2 diabetes
adult onset (40 yrs), cells have lowered sensitivity to insulin, controlled by dietary changes and regular exercise
88
what is Graves disease
most common type of hyperthyroidism; immune system makes abnormal antibodies (over secretion of TH by follicle cells), leads to nervousness, weight loss, seating, and rapid HR
89
what is myxedema
adult hypothyroidism; antibodies attack/destroy thyroid tissue, low metabolic rate/weight gain common symptoms
90
cause of endemic goiter
lack of iodine in diet
91
what is cretinism
hypothyroidism in children, results in short, disproportionate body; thick tongue; and mental retardation
92
cause of Cushing's syndrome
caused by hyper-secretion of glucocorticoid hormones-usually a pituitary tumor
93
addison's disease
hypo-secretory disorder of the adrenal cortex, deficiencies of both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
94
where does the thyroid gland form from
a chickening of endoderm on the floor of the pharynx
95
where do the parathyroids and thymus gland form from
endoderm lining the pharyngeal pouches
96
where does the pineal gland originate from
ependymal cells
97
where does the pituitary gland originate from
adenohypophysis originates from roof of mouth neurophypophysis grows inferiorly from the floor of the brain
98
where do the adrenal glans from from
adrenal medulla- neural crest cells of nearby sympathetic trunk ganglia adrenal cortex- mesoderm lining the coelom
99
what happens to the anterior pituitary as we age
increase in CT and lipofuscin, decrease in vascularization and # of hormone-secreting cells
100
what happens to the adrenal cortex as we age
normal rates of glucocorticoid secretion continue
101
what happens to the adrenal medulla as we age
no age-relatd changes in catecholamines
102
what happens to thyroid hormones as we age
decrease slightly w/ age
103
what happens to parathyroid glands as we age
little change w/ aging
104
what happens to GH, DHEA, and sex hormones as we age
marked drops in secretion w/ age

Anatomy (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions