E4 Ch. 18

Question 1

what are the 2 divisions of the circulatory system

Answer 1

cardiovascular and lymphatic

Question 2

blood is a transport mechanism for what

Answer 2

nutrients, signaling molecules, respiratory gases, waste products

Question 3

how much blood is in men and women

Answer 3

M- 5-6 liters

F- 4-5 liters

Question 4

what is hematocrit

Answer 4

the measure of % RBC
M- 47% +/- 5%
F- 42% +/- 5%

Question 5

what is the buffy coat

Answer 5

portion of blood composed of leukocytes and platelets, present at junction of plasma and RBCs

Question 6

how much water is found in blood plasma

Answer 6

90%

Question 7

what are the 3 main proteins found in blood plasma

Answer 7

albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen

Question 8

function of albumin

Answer 8

prevents water from diffusing out of blood vessels

Question 9

globulins

Answer 9

included antibodies and blood proteins that transport lipids, iron, and copper

Question 10

fibrinogen

Answer 10

one of the molecules involved in chemical reactions for blood clotting

Question 11

what are the different types of blood cells

Answer 11

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Question 12

what colors do acidic dye and basic dye stain

Answer 12

acidic dye- eosin; pink

basic dye-methylene blue; blue/purple

Question 13

how much erythrocytes are found in men and women

Answer 13

M-5.2-5.8 million cells/cubic millimeter

F- 4.3-5.2 million cells/cubic millimeter

Question 14

describe erythrocytes

Answer 14

7.5 micometer in diameter, most numerous formed element, have no organelles or nuclei, packed w/ hemoglobin

Question 15

what gives blood its red color

Answer 15

oxidation of iron atoms of hemoglobin molecules found on erythrocytes

Question 16

describe how the shape of erythrocytes contribute to respiratory function

Answer 16

biconcave shape increases surface area (97% hemoglobin) which allows it to pick up O2 at lung capillaries and release O2 across other tissue capillaries

Question 17

amount of leukocytes (WBC) found in blood

Answer 17

4800-11,000/cubic millimeter

Question 18

function of WBC

Answer 18

protect body from infectious microorganisms, function outside bloodstream in loose connective tissue

Question 19

diapedesis

Answer 19

circulating leukocytes leave the capillaries

Question 20

where do leukocytes originate from

Answer 20

bone marrow

Question 21

what are the 2 kinds of leukocytes

Answer 21

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 22

how many nucleus lobes do neutrophils have and what type of stains do they pick up

Answer 22

2-6 lobes, pick up acidic and basic stains

Question 23

function of neutrophils

Answer 23

attracted by bacterial products and are the 1st line of defense in inflammatory response, phagocytize and destroy bacteria, release enzymes into extracellular matrix of infected tissue

Question 24

describe the physical aspects of eosinophils

Answer 24

large granules and stain red

Question 25

function of eosinophils

Answer 25

play a role in ending allergic reactions by phagocytizing allergens, secrete enzymes that degrade histamines

Question 26

describe basophils and its function

Answer 26

2 lobe nucleus, function in inflammation mediation, granules secrete histamines, direct later stages of inflammation in allergies and parasitic infections, similar function to mast cells

Question 27

describe lymphocytes and its functions

Answer 27

nucleus stains dark purple, effective infighting infectious organism, act against specific foreign molecule (antigen), most important cells of immune system

Question 28

describe the 2 main classes of lymphocyte

Answer 28

T cells- attack foreign cells directly B cells- multiply to become plasma cells; secrete antibodies

Question 29

describe monocytes and its function

Answer 29

largest leukocytes, nucleus kidney shaped, transform into macrophages; phagocytic cells

Question 30

where do platelets come from

Answer 30

cell fragments that break off from megakaryocytes, function in blood clotting

Question 31

hematopoiesis

Answer 31

process by which blood cells are formed in red marrow, 100 billion new blood cells formed each day

Question 32

function of red marrow

Answer 32

actively generates new blood cells, contains immature erythrocytes

Question 33

in adults where is red marrow located

Answer 33

b/t trabeculae of spongy bone of axial skeleton, girdles, proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

Question 34

what do lymphoid stem cells give rise to

Answer 34

lymphocytes

Question 35

what do myeloid stem cells give rise to

Answer 35

all other blood cells

Question 36

polycythemia

Answer 36

disorder of erythrocytes; abnormal excess of erythrocytes

Question 37

anemia

Answer 37

erythrocyte levels or hemoglobin concentrations are low

Question 38

sickle cell disease

Answer 38

inherited condition, results from defective hemoglobin molecule, erythrocytes distort into sickle shape

Question 39

leukemia

Answer 39

disorder of leukocytes; form of cancer, classified as lymphoblastic or myeloblastic

Question 40

thrombocytopenia

Answer 40

disorder of platelets; abnormally low concentration of platelets