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Anatomy > E4 Ch. 22 > Flashcards

E4 Ch. 22 Flashcards

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1
Q

basic functions of respiratory system

A

supplies oxygen, disposes carbon dioxide

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2
Q

list the 4 processes involved in respiration

A

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, internal respiration

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3
Q

list the respiratory organs

A

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and smaller branches), lungs, and alveoli

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4
Q

the organs of the respiratory system are divided into

A

conducting zone and respiratory zone

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5
Q

what is the conducting zone

A

respiratory passageways that convey air; filter, humidify, and wram incoming air

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6
Q

what is the respiratory zone

A

site of gas exchange in lungs; includes structures that have alveoli

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7
Q

function of the nose

A

airway, moistens/warms/filters air, resonating chamber for speech, and houses olfactory receptors

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of mucous membranes found in the nasal cavity

A

olfactory and respiratory mucosa

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9
Q

describe olfactory mucosa

A

near roof of nasal cavity, houses olfactory (smell) receptors

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10
Q

describe respiratory mucosa

A

lines nasal cavity

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11
Q

what type of cells are found in the respiratory mucosa

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi. goblet cells

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12
Q

which sensory nerve ending supply the respiratory mucosa

A

CN 5

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13
Q

where are the paranasal sinuses located

A

frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones

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14
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

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15
Q

describe the nasopharynx

A

superior to point where food enters, only an air passageway, closed off during swallowing, uvula reflects superiorly

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16
Q

what structures are found in the nasopharynx

A

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids), pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube), and tubal tonsils

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17
Q

what are the 2 types of tonsils in the oropharynx

A

platine and lingual tonsils

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18
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the oropharynx

A

stratified squamous epi.

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19
Q

what are fauces

A

arch like entrance way that extend from soft palate to the epiglottis

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20
Q

what type of passageway is the laryngopharynx

A

food and air

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21
Q

type of cells found in the laryngopharynx

A

stratified squamous epi.

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22
Q

what are the 3 functions of they larynx

A

voice production, provides an open airway, routes air/food into proper channels

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23
Q

describe the framework of the larynx

A

arrangement of 9 cartilages

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24
Q

list the 9 cartilages that make up the larynx

A

thyroid, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform, epiglottis, rima glottidis, glottis, vocal folds, and vestibular folds

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25
describe the thyroid cartilage
shield-shaped, forms laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple)
26
function of the epiglottis
tips inferiorly during swallowing
27
function of the vocal folds
true vocal cords; act in sound production
28
function of vestibular folds
false vocal cords; no role in sound production
29
what is the rima glottidis
medial opening b/t vocal folds
30
what structures make up the glottis
rima glottidis and vocal folds together
31
what type of tissue is found in the larynx
stratified squamous (superior portion) and pseudostratified ciliated columnar (inferior portion)
32
describe how voice production is done
length of vocal folds changes pitch, loudness depends on force of air across vocal folds
33
what is valsalva's maneuver
straining in the voice
34
what is the trachea
C-shaped cartilage rings keep airway open, descends to mediastinum
35
what is the trachealis located
b/t open ends of C-shaped cartilage rings along length of posterior trachea
36
what is the carina
marks where trachea divides into 2 primary bronchi
37
what type of cells are found in the trachea
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi
38
list the order branching of the bronchi
Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
39
describe the respiratory bronchioles
gas exchange occurs where smooth muscle is absent, branch from terminal bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts then to alveolar sacs
40
how much alveoli does the lungs contain
around 400 million
41
describe type I alveolar cells
single layer of simple squamous epi. cells surrounded by basal lamina
42
what forms the respiratory membrane
alveolar and capillary walls plus their basal lamina
43
describe type II alveolar cells
scattered among type I alveolar cells, cuboidal, secrete surfactant
44
purpose of surfactant
reduces surface tension w/in alveoli
45
function of alveolar macrophages
remove thinest inhaled particles, migrate to bronchi, ciliary action takes alveolar macrophages to pharynx
46
describe the features of alveoli
surrounded by elastic fibers, interconnect by alveolar pores, internal surface-site for free movement of alveolar macrophages
47
what is the hilum part of the lungs
indentation on mediastinal surface, region where blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves enter/exit lung
48
what is the root part of the lungs
structures that enter/leave lungs at the hilum (blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves
49
function of pulmonary arteries
deliver oxygen-poor blood to lungs
50
function of pulmonary veins
carry oxygenated blood to heart
51
what do parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations affect the airways
parasympathetic- constrict airways sympathetic- dilate airways
52
what is the pleurae and what are the two types
a double-layered sac surrounding each lung parietal and visceral pleura
53
what is the pleural cavity
potential space b/t visceral and parietal pleurae
54
what are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation
inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation)
55
when does inspiration (inhalation) occur
when volume of thoracic cavity increase which decreases internal gas pressure diaphragm flattens and contraction of intercostal muscle raises the ribs
56
what structures are needed for deep inspiration
scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, erector spinae (extends back)
57
describe the action of quiet expiration
passive process; inspiratory muscles relax, diaphragm moves superiorly, volume of thoracic cavity decreases
58
describe the action of forced expiration
active process, produced by contraction of internal/external oblique muscles, and transversus abdominis muscle
59
what is VGR and where is it located
ventral respiratory group; located in reticular formation in medulla oblongata, neurons generate respiratory rhythm
60
function of the respiratory center
generates baseline respiraton rate in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata
61
function of chemoreceptors in ventilation
sensitive to rising/falling oxygen levels
62
where are central chemoreceptors located
medulla
63
where are peripheral chemoreceptors located
aortic bodies and carotid bodies
64
what is bronchial asthma
type of allergic inflammation, hypersensitivity to irritants in air/stress
65
what are the characteristics of an asthma attack
contration of bronchiole smooth muscle, and secretion of mucus in airways
66
what is cystic fibrosis (CF)
inherited disease; exocrine gland function disrupted, over secretion of viscous mucus affects respiratory system
67
what is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
difficulty airflow in/out of lungs, obstructive emphysema, chronic bronchitis, history of smoking
68
what does the laryngotracheal bud form
trachea, bronchi, and bronchi subdivisions
69
describe how the respiratory system ages
of glands in nasal mucosa declines, nose dries (produce thick mucus), thoracic wall rigid, lungs lose elasticity, oxygen levels in blood may fall

Anatomy (20 decks)

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