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Anatomy > Ch. 6 > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

where is perichondrium found

A

surrounds cartilages

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2
Q

function of perichondrium

A

resists outward pressure, and functions in growth and repair of cartilage, springs back to original shape

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3
Q

what similarities to the different types of cartilages share?

A

cell type: chondrocyte located in lacunae, matrix contains fiber and jelly like ground substance

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4
Q

what type of cartilage is most abundant in the body

A

hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

what do the chondrocyte of hyaline cartilage look like

A

spherical

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6
Q

what type of fibers are found in hyaline cartilage

A

collagen

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7
Q

function of hyaline cartilage

A

provides support though flexibility

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8
Q

what is elastic cartilage mainly composed of

A

many elastic fibers

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9
Q

function of elastic cartilage

A

able to tolerate repeated bending

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10
Q

where in the body can elastic cartilage be found

A

epiglottis, and cartilage of external ear

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11
Q

function of fibrocartilage

A

resists strong compression and strong tension, intermediate b/t hyaline and elastic cartilage

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12
Q

where in the body can fibrocartilage be found

A

pubic symphysis, menisci of knee, and annulus fibrosis

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13
Q

what two ways does cartilage grow?

A

appositional and interstitial growth

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14
Q

appositional growth

A

chondroblasts in surrounding perichondrium produce new cartilage

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15
Q

interstitial growth

A

chondrocytes w/in cartilage divide and secrete new matrix

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16
Q

when does cartilage stop growing?

A

when the skeleton stops growing

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17
Q

what types of tissue does bone contain

A

bone connective tissue, nervous, blood, cartilage, and epithelial

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18
Q

function of bones

A

support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and energy metabolism

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19
Q

what type of components make up bone tissue and what are their proportions

A

35% organic components and 65% inorganic components

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20
Q

list the type of organic components found in bone

A

cells, fibers, and ground substance

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21
Q

list the types of inorganic components found in bone tissue

A

mineral salts that invade bony matrix

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22
Q

organic components found in bone contribute to what?

A

flexibility and tensile strength

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23
Q

inorganic components found in bone contribute to what?

A

provide exceptional harness, and resists compression

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24
Q

what are the three types of cells in bone that either produce or maintain bone

A

osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, and osteocytes

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25
osteogenic cells
see cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
26
osteoblasts
actively produce and secrete bone matrix (osteoid)
27
osteocytes
keep bone matrix healthy
28
what are osteoclasts and where are they found
w/in bone tissue, responsible for resorption of bone by secreting hydrochloric acid and lysosomal enzymes
29
what are the 4 classifications of bones
long, short, flat, and irregular
30
describe long bones
longer than wide; a shaft plus ends
31
describe short bones
roughly cube-shaped
32
describe flat bones
thin and flattened, usually curved
33
describe irregular bones
various shapes, do not fit into other categories
34
describe compact bone
dense outer layer of bone
35
describe spongy (cancellous) bone
internal network of bone
36
what are trabeculae
little "beams" of bone, open spaces b/t trabecular filled w/ marrow
37
what similarities do flat, short, and irregular bones share apart from long bones
contain bone marrow but no marrow cavity, instead have Diploe (internal spongy bone of flat bones)
38
what are the 3 broad categories of bone markings
projections for muscle attachment, surfaces that form joints, depressions, and openings
39
tuberosity
large rounded projections; may be roughened
40
crest
narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
41
trochanter
very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
42
line
narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
43
tubercle
small rounded projection or process
44
epicondyle
raised area on or above a condyle
45
spine
sharp, slender, often pointed projection
46
process
any bony prominence
47
head
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
48
facet
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
49
condyle
rounded articular projection, often articulates w/ a corresponding fossa
50
foramen
round or oval opening though a bone
51
groove
furrow
52
fissure
narrow, slitlike opening
53
notch
indentation at the edge of a structure
54
fossa
shallow basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as a n articular surface
55
meatus
canal-like passageway
56
sinus
cavity w/in bone, filled w/ air and lined w/ mucous membrane
57
describe osteons
long cylindrical structures, structurally resemble rings of a tree in cross section
58
function of osteons
support
59
what do osteons contain
lamellae, central canal, perforating canals, canaliculi
60
ossification (osteogenesis)
bone tissue formation
61
intramembranous ossification
membrane bones formed directly from mesenchyme
62
endochondral ossification
other bones develop initially from hyaline cartilage
63
type of bones that develop from endochrondral ossification
all bones except some bones of skull and clavicles
64
in endochondral ossification where are bones modeled
in hyaline cartilage
65
describe epiphyseal plates of growing bones
cartilage organized in stacks, chondroblasts at top divide quickly, pushing epiphysis away from diaphysis which lengthens entire long bone
66
describe the process of growth in the epiphyseal growth areas
older chondrocytes signal surrounding matrix to calcify, then die/disinitegrate, leaves long trabecular (spicules) of calcified cartilage on diaphysis side, trabeculae partly eroded by osteoclasts, osteoblasts cover trabecular w/ bone tissue, trabecular finally eaten away from tips by osteoclasts
67
during childhood and adolescence how do bones lengthen
entirely by growth of the epiphyseal plates, cartilage replaced w/ bone connective tissue as quickly as it grows, epiphyseal plate maintains constant thickness
68
what happens as adolescence draws to an end
chondroblasts divide less often, epiphyseal plates become thinner, cartilage stops growing and replaced by bone tissue
69
when do long bones stop lengthening
when diaphysis and epiphysis fuse
70
osteoblasts role
add bone tissue to external surface of the diaphysis
71
osteoclasts role
remove bone from the internal surface of the diaphysis
72
what is appositional growth
growth of a bone by addition of bone tissue to its surface
73
where is the growth hormone produced
pituitary gland
74
purpose of thyroid hormone
ensures that skeleton retains proper proportions
75
what are the two types of sex hormones
estrogen and testosterone
76
function of sex hormones
promote bone growth, later induces closure of epiphyseal plates
77
how many mg of calcium may enter or leave the adult skeleton each day
500 mg
78
how often is cancellous bone of the skeleton replaced
every 3-4 years
79
how of ten is compact bone replaced?
every 10 years
80
where does bone deposit and removal take place
periosteal and endosteal surfaces
81
how dos osteoclast accomplish its job
crawls along bone surfaces secreting concentrate HCL, lysosomal enzymes are leased to break down bone tissue
82
what is osteoclast derived from
hematopoietic stem cells
83
what is osteoporosis
characterized by low bone mass, bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposition
84
osteomalacia
occurs in adults- bones are inadequately mineralized
85
rickets
occurs in children- analogue to osteomalacia
86
osteosarcoma
form of bone cancer
87
function of mesoderm
gives rise to embryonic mesenchyme cells
88
function of mesenchyme
produces membranes and cartilage
89
until what age does the skeleton grow
18-21
90
during which stages of life does bone formation exceeds rate of bone reabsorption
children and adolescents

Anatomy (20 decks)

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