Ch 8 Development Part 1 Flashcards
Describe human development.
Human development is the sequence of age‐related changes that occur in people as they progress from conception to death.
What are the influences on human development?
The influences on human development are Biological influences, psychological influences, and social cultural influences.
What are the characteristics of biological influences?
They biological influences on human development include Shared human genome, Individual genetic variations, Prenatal environment, and Sex related genes, hormones, and physiology.
What are the physiological influences?
The Psychological Influences on human development include Gene environment interaction, Neurological effect of early experiences, Responses evoked by our own temperament, gender, etc., and Beliefs, feelings, and expectations.
What are the social-cultural influences?
The Social-Cultural influences on human development include, Parental influences, Peer influences, Cultural individualism or collectivism, and Cultural gender norms.
What are the three major issues in developmental psychology?
The three major issues in developmental psychology are Nature v. Nurture (How do genetic inheritance and experience influence our development?), Continuity vs. Stages (Is development a gradual continuous process or sequence of separate stages?), and Stability vs. Change (Do our early personality traits persist through life or do you become different persons as we age?)
What are the three types of developmental research designs?
Cross-Sectional: Different participant of various ages studied at one point in time.
Longitudinal: Same participants studied at multiple time points. Costly in terms of money and time. One single cohort, may not be true for other generations.
Cross-Sequential: combination of both of the above designs. Start cross-sectional with at least two groups and have longitudinal follow ups.
What is the difference between dominant and recessive genes?
Dominant genes refer to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait.
Recessive genes refer to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene.
What are two examples of genetic disorders?
Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Fragile X syndrome
What are some examples of chromosomal disorders?
Down Syndrome (extra 21st chromosome), Klinefelter’s Syndrome (23rd pair is XXY), and Turner’s Syndrome ( 23rd pair missing an X).
What happens during conception?
In conception a single sperm cell (male) penetrates the outer coating of the egg (female) and fuse to form a zygote.
How are identical twin formed?
Identical twins occurs when one egg is fertilized by one sperm and the egg splits in half, each developing into a fetus with the same genetic composition.
How are fraternal twins formed?
Fraternal twins occurs when two eggs are released at once and both are fertilized by two separate sperms, two fetuses form, genetically they are just ordinary siblings.
What happens during the germinal stage of prenatal development.
The germinal stage is the first 2 weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote becomes a mass of cells, moves down to the uterus (wk1), in implants in the lining (wk 2). In the first week the zygote is rapidly dividing creating hundreds of cells or more they continue to become increasingly diverse and in about 14 days the zygote turns into an embryo.
What happens during the embryonic stage of prenatal development?
The embryonic stage is the period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, during which major systems, organs and structures of the body develop. At the end of 8 weeks: embryo is about 1‐inch long, weighs about 1/7 of an ounce and has primitive eyes, nose, ears, lips, teeth, little arms and legs, hands, feet, fingers, toes, as well as a beating heart.
What are teratogens?
Teratogens are drugs, chemical, or viruses that can enter the placenta and harm the developing fetus.
What is the critical periods?
Critical periods are times during which certain environmental influences can have and impact on the development of the child.
What are other environmental factors affecting pregnancy?
Nutrition: Severe malnutrition increases the risk of birth complications and neurological deficits.
Stress and emotion: anxiety and depression in pregnant women can have long‐lasting effects on the child.
What is the fetal stage of prenatal development?
The time from about 8 weeks after conception until birth of the baby. Period of tremendous growth. Organs accomplish differentiation and continue to become functional. Muscles and bones form, enabling the fetus to make physical movements including kicking. During last several weeks, fetus can respond to stimuli in outside world.
What are the newborn senses?
Senses are well developed at birth including taste, touch, smell, Hearing is functional, but not fully developed, and Vision is least functional sense at birth. Reflexes provide information about health of NS including grasping, startle, rooting, stepping, sucking.
Descibe language development in kids?
Language acquisition is rapid and starts early. The ability to understand words develop before the ability to produce words.
Stages of language development:
- Cooing Stage - At about 2 months the infant begins to make vowel‐like sounds.
- Babbling stage (4-6 months) the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, adding consonant sounds to the vowel‐like sounds to form phonemes. Ex: like ah‐goo, ba‐ba‐ba, ma‐ma‐ ma or da‐da‐da.
- One-Word stage: beginning around first birthday, child starts to speak one word and makes family adults understand him/her. Holophrase whole phrases communicated in one word
- Two- word stage; Before second year, a child starts to speak in two-word sentences. Called telegraphic speech in which the child speaks like a telegram (only nouns and verbs). Contains only essential content to carry meaning. By age 6 children are nearly a fluent as adults.
Describe Jean Piaget’s idea of cognitive development.
Jean Piaget said “Children are not like adults, instead the way they think about the world is much differently.” Piaget believed they had to learn to interact with the world. Piaget believed that cognitive development results from individual discovery and a child’s interaction with objects.
What are schemas?
We make sense of our experience by forming schemas, concepts or framework in which we organize and interpret information. The process of assimilation involves incorporating new experiences into our current understanding (schema). The process of adjusting a schema and modifying it is called accommodation.
Describe the first component of Piaget’s Theory of cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor (Birth to 2 years): In sensorimotor stage babies take in the world through their senses and motor abilities. Object permanence (knowledge object exists even if not in sight) is a major accomplishment. However, children younger than 6 months do not display object permanence yet.
