Chapter 10-12 Flashcards
(297 cards)
1
Q
host
A
any organism capable of supporting the nutritional and physical growth requirements of another
2
Q
infection
A
the presence and multiplication of a living organism on or within the host
3
Q
infection depends on
A
host health and virulence of organism
4
Q
opportunistic pathogen
A
capable of producing infectious disease when host defense are weakened
5
Q
the mouth and pharynx contain
A
many species of bateria
6
Q
the vagina contains ____ producing bacteria
A
acid
7
Q
colonization
A
act of establishing a presence, a step required in the multifaceted process of infection, organisms are hanging out
8
Q
infection
A
describes the presence and multiplication within another living organism with subsequent injury to the host
9
Q
Prions
A
small modified infectious host protein without a genome
10
Q
prions are extremley
A
resistive
11
Q
prions can cause transmissible
A
neurodegenerative disease
12
Q
prions method of replication is
A
not understood
13
Q
prion spreads
A
within the axons of the nerve cell causing progressively greater damage to the host neurons
14
Q
example of prions disease
A
Creutzfeldt-Jakob
15
Q
prions lack reproductive and metabolic functions so current antimicrobials are
A
useless
16
Q
viruses
A
smallest intracellular pathogen, incapable of replication outside of a living cell
17
Q
nosocomial acquired
A
acquired in the hosptial
18
Q
toxins
A
destroy or alter normal cell function; trait chiefly monopolized by bacteria
19
Q
exotoxins
A
proteins released by bacteria during cell growth
20
Q
exotoxin disease example
A
Hensons Disease
21
Q
endotoxins
A
initiate septic shock, DIC and acute respiratory distress syndrome
22
Q
small amounts of endotoxins can cause life altering
A
cascades
23
Q
adhesion factors
A
affects ability to colonize host
24
Q
evasive factors
A
evade hosts immune system
25
invasive factors
facilitate penetration
26
colonized can turn into
infection
27
infection leads to
inflammatory and immune responses attack infective agent
28
when inflammatory and immune responses attack infective agent you have 2 routes
specific and nonspecific
29
specific route of infection
signs and symptoms of LOCAL damage and inflammation
30
nonspecific route of infection
signs and symptoms of SYSTEMIC inflammation
31
-itis
means inflammation
32
-emia
means in the blood
33
sepsis/septicemia
bacterial toxins in the blood
34
incubation stage
active replication
35
prodromal stage
initial symptom apperance
36
acute stage
maximum infection impact
37
convalescent stage
containment and repair
38
resolution stage
no residual signs and symptoms of the disease
39
how can you tell if someone has an infection
SHIFT TO THE LEFT
40
what is a shift to the left
increase IMMATURE white blood cells
41
immunity
protection from disease
42
immunity essential aspect is the
ability to recognize foreign cells and non self substances, distinguishing them from self molecules that are native to the body
43
innate immunity consists of
epithelial barriers, phagocytosis, NK cells, complement
44
innate immunity is
physical, chemical, molecular and cellular defenses in place
45
adaptive/specific immunity consists of
humoral immunity (B lymphocytes) Cell-mediated immunity (T lymphocytes)
46
adaptive/specific immunity is is less rapid but
more effetive
47
cytokines are short or long acting?
short
48
cytokines are an essential component of host ________
defense
49
cytokines have primary means with which innate and adaptive immunity cells _______
communicate
50
cytokines are made by and act on
immune cells
51
excess cytokines can have serious adverse effects associated with
septic shock, food poisoning and cancer
52
cytokines 2 kinds
chemokine and colony stimulating factor
53
chemokines
attract WBCs to the infection
54
colony stimulating factors
stimulate WBCs to divide and mature
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cytokines can mediate infammation by producing ______ and the acute phase response and by attracting and activating ________, cytokines are also maturation factors for the _______ of white or red blood cells
fever, phagocytes, hematopoiesis
56
innate immunity is always
present
57
innate immunity attacks
non self microbes
58
innate immunity does not distinguish between different
microbes
59
innate immunity mechanisms include
epithelial barriers, neutrophils, macrophages, dentritic (bridge) cells, natural killer (NK) cells, pathogen recognition, soluble mediators including acute phase proteins, complement system
60
natural killer cells are part of what system
innate
61
NK cells is programmed to automatically
kill foreign cells
62
CD+8 must be ________ to become _______
activated, cytotoxic
63
natural killer cells are inhibited by
contact with MHC self moleules
64
NK cells kill on
contact
65
inflammatory cytokines influence the events of inflammation and innate immunity by producing
chemotaxis, inhibiting viral replication and stimulating acute phase proteins
66
complement system is a mediator of
innate and adaptive immunity
67
complement system is essential for the activity of
antibodies
68
when an antibody attaches to an antigen the resulting immune complex can activate
complement
69
innate immunity is nonspecific meaning
it can distinguish between self and non self but cannot distinguish one type of pathogen to another
70
first line resistance is
epithelial layers
71
second line resistance involves
chemical signals, antimicrobial substances, phagocytic and natural killer cells and fever
72
toll like receptors
tag the pathogen so the immune system can "see" them distinct from self cells
73
innate immune system protects against microbial agents but may also play a role in
pathogenesis of diease
74
low grade inflammation and activation of innate system may play a role in
atherosclerosis/coronary artery disease, bronchial asthma, type II DM, RA, MS, SLE
75
B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes belong to what immunity
adaptive
76
B lymphocytes
humoral immunity (antibody proteins in the blood that attack the specific antigen)
77
T lymphocytes
cell mediated immunity (phagocytic cells that attack the specific antigen)
78
adaptive immunity develops during an
individuals life time
79
adaptive distinguishes
self from non self
80
adaptive immunity responds specifically to
different pathogens
81
adaptive immunity uses
memory
82
memory is
evolutionary response
83
memory allows the immune system to recall and quickly produce a
heightened repsonse
84
antigens
substances foreign to the host
85
antigens can stimulate
immune responses
86
antigens are recognizes by receptors on ______ __ and by proteins called _______ or _______ that are generated in response to antigen
immune cells, antibodies, immunoglobulins
87
antigens can be on
transplanted organs
88
antigens degrade into smaller
peptides
89
active sites on antigens are called
epitopes
90
epitopes are recognized by a specific receptor found on the surface of the
lymphocyte or antibody
91
stem cells come from the
bone marrow or fetal liver
92
B cells mature in the
bone marrow
93
T cells mature in the
thymus
94
b and T cells move to the _____ ___ and wait for activation
lymph nodes
95
T lympocytes is what kind of immuity
cell mediated
96
t lymphocytes function in the activation of other T cells and B cells, control ____ _______, rejection of _____ _____ _____ and delayed ________ reactions
viral infections, foreign tissue, hypersensitivity reactions
97
two types of t cells
CD+4 and CD+8
98
CD4+
helper T cell
99
CD8+
molecules or cytotoxic T cells
100
CD4+ helper cels enhance the response of other
T and B cells
101
CD8+ kill
virus infected cells
102
Clusters of Differentiation (CD) delineates surface proteins that define a particular cell type or stage of cell differentiation and are recognized by
"cluster" or group of antibodies
103
CD serves to define functionally
distinct subsets or cells such as CD4+ and CD8+
104
CD4+ helper T cell serves as a master switch for the
immune system
105
HIV that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome infects and destroys the
CD4+ helper T cell
106
Antigen presenting cells (ACP) tell the immune system
what to attack
107
ACPs eat the invading antigen and break it down into pieces called
epitopes
108
then the ACPs put the epitopes on the
cell surface, attached to MHC II proteins
109
MCH
major histocompatibility complex moleule
110
MCH moleules are used by the immune cells to differentiate
host tissue from foreign tissue
111
MCH are found on all
host tissues
112
for the adaptive immune response to function properly it must be able to discriminate between
molecules that are native to the body and those that are foreign or harmful to the body
113
when completing tissue typing you match the
HLA/MCH to the person waiting for the tissue
114
Human MCH proteins are called
human leukocytes antigens (HLA) because they were first detected on WBC
115
class I and II MCH genes are closely linked on one chromosome and usually
inherited as one unit
116
identification or typing og HLA molecules important in
transplantation, forensics, and paternity evaluation
117
mature B lymphocytes leave the bone marrow and enter circulation and migrate to
peripheral lymphoid tissue where they are stimulated to respond to a specific antigen
118
Activated B cell differentiates into a
plasma cell which can produce thousands of antibodies
119
immunoglobulins or antibodies are secreted proteins of B lymphocytes that function as
antigen receptors
120
immunoglobulins are classified into
5 classes
121
IgG is the ____ abundant
most
122
IgG is the only one to
cross the placenta
123
IgG is transferred to the fetus when?
last weeks of pregnancy
124
IgG functions
against viruses, toxins, bacteria, responsible for the protection of newborn, activates the complement system and binds to macrophages
125
who are at the highest risk for low levels of IgG
premature infants
126
only T cells able to distinguish between foregin and self are allowed to leave and
mature
127
mature immunocompetent T cells leave the thymus in ____ days and enter the peripheral lymphoid tissue
2-3
128
lymph nodes
remove foreign material from lymph before it enters the blood stream and serves as center for proliferation if immune cells; APC in nodes sample the lymph
129
spleen
filters antigens and involved in immune response
130
red pulp destroys senescent and
injured RBC
131
white pulp contains
concentrated areas of B and T lymphocytes
132
which immune cell creates antibodies in response to antigens
B lymphocytes
133
active immunity
specific protection induced following exposure to antigens
134
example of active immunity
vaccines
135
passive immunity
specific protection induced through transfer of protective antibodies against an antigen, transferred from another source
136
passive immunity example
IgG from mother to baby
137
where is IgA found
in colostrum (breastmilk)
138
primary immune response steps
antigen presented on MHC-II
t helper cells activated
B cell proliferation and differentiation
plasma cells produce antibodies
memory B cells for secondary response
139
in primary immune response the plasma antibody levels
rise
140
primary immune response can take
2-3 weeks
141
examples of primary immune response
vaccine
142
secondary immune response uses
memory b cells
143
in secondary immune response what cells respond immediately
memory b cells
144
in secondary immune response plasma antibodies levels rise within
days
145
example of secondary immune response
booster shots
146
which type of immunity is characterized by the development of a specific response to an antigen
acquired immunity
147
active immunity is achieved through
exposure to a specific antigen, acquired through immunization or actually having a disease, long lasting but requires a few days to weeks to develop
148
passive immunity is achieved through
transfer from one source to another, infant receives from mother in utero and in breast milk
149
passive immunity can also be
artificially provides
150
passive immunity artificially provided example
transfer of antibodies
151
TF a vaccination is an example of adaptive immunity
T
152
you have a biological clock in your
T cells
153
vaccination may be less successful in inducing immunization in
elderly people
154
passive immunity is active
right away
155
hypersensitivity is defined as
exaggerated immune response
156
type I IgE mediated disorders is an immediate reactions triggered by
binding of an allergen to a specific IgE that is found on the surface of mast cells or basophils
157
mast cells and basophils contain granules that have potent _______, like ________, acetylcholine, adenosine, chemotactic mediators
mediators, histamine
158
type I IgE has sysematic
anaphylactic reactions
159
localized atopic disorders of type I IgE are
allergic rhinitis and food allergies
160
anaphylaxis is a systemic response to the
inflammatory mediators released in type I hypersensitivity
161
histamine, acetylcholine, kinins, leukotrienes and prostaglandins all cause
vasodilation
162
acetylcholine, kinins, leukotrienes and prostaglandins all cause
bronchoconstriction
163
2 phases of type 1 hypersensitivity
primary/inital phase response
secondary/late phase response
164
primary phase of type 1 hypersensitivity
vasodilation, vasular leakage, smooth muscle contration
165
secondary phase of type 1 hypersensitivity
more intense infiltration of tissues with eosinophils and other acute and chronic inflammatory cells
tissue destruction in the form of epithelial cell damage
166
type 1 hypersensitivity atopic disorder
heredity predisposition and production of local reaction to IgE antibodies produced in response to common environmental agents
167
atopic disorder is commonly causes
allergic reaction
168
atopic disorder is systemic or
anaphylactic reactions
169
TF when mast cells degranulate, histamine is released
true
170
autoimmune diseases is failure of
self tolerance
171
patients who suffer from autoimmune disease have
hyperactive immune systems
172
AIDS is an example of _______ immunodeficiency
acquired
173
AIDS has a low occupational hazard meaning
low risk to healthcare providers
174
HIV infected person can transmit when
no symptoms are present
175
HIV seroconversion occurs from ____ months but may take up to __
2-3, 6
176
seroconversion
immune system responds and antibodies against HIV appear
177
AIDs pathophysiology
carry genetic information in RNA and infect CD4+ T helper cells
178
phases of HIV infection
primary, latent, overt
179
primary infection phase of AIDs
signs of systemic infection, seroconversion
180
latent period-chronic asymptomatic of AIDS
virus is replicating, TH cell count gradually falls, may last 10-11 years or longer
181
overt AIDS
TH cell count <200 cells/mL or aids defining illness
182
aids mainifestations
opportunistic infections, HIV associated neurocognitive disorders, malignancies, wasting syndrome, metabolic disordes
183
opportunistic infections examples
respiratory-PCP, pneumonia and TB, GI-esophageal candidiasis, CMV, herpes, and diarrhea due to cryptosporidium parvum
184
HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDS) examples
dementia, impairment
185
malignancies examples
Kaposis sarcoma (malignancy of the endothelial cells lining small blood vessels and non Hodgkin Lymphoma
186
Metabolic disorders examples
lipodystrophy
187
chronic or typical progressors of AIDs
7-10 years
188
rapid progressors
2-3 years
189
long term non progressors
asymptomatic after 10 years
190
elite controllers
plasma HIV RNA levels below detection
191
AIDS can be transferred to baby by mother
by in the utero, during labor and delivery and breast milk
192
PCR test
test done on baby to see if AIDS positive, 2x positive confirms HIV diagnosis in baby
193
colonization
act of establishing a presence, a step required in the multifaceted process of infection, organisms are hanging out
194
infection
describes the presence and multiplication within another living organism with subsequent injury to host
195
prions
small modified infectious host proteins without a genome, transmissive neurodegenerative diseases, extremely resistive
196
prions spreads within the
axons of the nerve cell
197
example of prion disease
Creutzfeld-Jakob
198
why are current antimicrobials useless when it comes to prions
they lack reproductive and metabolic functuons
199
nosocomial is acquired in the
hospital
200
exotoxins
proteins released by bacteria cell during growth
201
endotoxins
can initiate septic shock, DIC and acute respiratory distress syndrome
202
specific: signs and symptoms of
local damage and inflammation
203
nonspecific: signs and symptoms of
systemic inflammation
204
-itis
inflammation
205
-emia
in the blood
206
sepsis/septicemia
bacteria toxins in the blood
207
incubation stage
active replication
208
prodromal stage
initial symptom appearance
209
actue stage
maximum infection impact
210
convalescent stage
containment and repair
211
resolution stage
no residual S&S of disease
212
essential aspect of immunity is the ability to recognize
foregin cells and non self substances and distinguishing them from self moleules that are native to the body
213
innate immunity can also be called
natural or native
214
adaptive immunity can also be called
specific or aquired
215
innate immunity is
faster and nonspecific
216
adaptive immunity is
slower, specific and more effective
217
what immunity is more effective than innate
adaptive
218
innate immunity consists of
physical, chemical, molecular and cellular defenses in place
219
excess cytokines can have serious adverse effects associated with
septic shock, food poisoning and cancer
220
cytokines mediate
immune responses
221
chemokins
attract WBC to the infection
222
Colony stimulating factors
stimulate WBCs to divide and mature
223
innate immunity is
natrual
224
innate immunity consists of
epithelial barriers, natural killer cells
225
complement system is mediator of
innate and adaptive
226
3 phases of complement system
initiation/activation
amplification of inflammation
late stage membrane attack response
227
innate first line is
epithelial
228
innate second line is
chemical signals
229
what immunity system starts first
innate
230
adaptive immunity attacks
specific microbes
231
B cells and T cells are part of what immunity
adaptive
232
B lymphocytes/B cells
Humoral immunity
233
T lymphocytes/T cells
cell mediated immunity
234
_______ is an evolutionary response which allows the immune system to recall and quickly produce a heightened response
memory
235
antigens can come from
transplanted organs
236
the active sites on antigens are called
epitopes
237
B cells mature in the
Bone marrow
238
T cells mature in the
Thymus
239
B cells and T cells then move to the _________ to wait for activation
lymph nodes
240
T cells function
activation of other T cells and B cells, control viral infections, rejection of foregin tissue grafts and delayed hypersensitivity reactions
241
two types of T cells
CD 4 and CD8
242
what T cell is the helper T cell
CD 4
243
CD 4 serves as the
master switch for the immune system
244
HIV and AIDs infects and destroys the
CD4 helper T cell
245
MHC moleules is for what immune system
adaptive
246
MCH helps discriminate between
molecules that are native to the body and those that are foregin
247
MCH is the thing that makes us humans
different from one another
248
Why are MCH called human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
because they were first detected on WBC
249
identification or typing of HLA moleules is important in
transplantation, forensics, and paternity evaluations
250
B cells differentiate into ________ cell which can produce thousands of ___________
plasma, antibodies
251
IgG:
displays anti_____, anti_____, and anti_______ properties
responsible for the protection of __________
activates _________
binds to ________
viral, toxin, bacteria, newborn, complement, macrophages
252
spleen filters _______ and involved in ________ response
antigen, immune
253
why would a patient who had a spleenectomy after trauma would be given a vaccine?
no spleen and cannot filter antigens, they are immune comprimised
254
which immune cell creates antibodies in response to antigens
b cell
255
getting a vaccine is
active immunity
256
mom to baby is
passive immunity
257
IgA is found in
breast milk (colostrum)
258
getting gamma globulin for exposure to HIV via IV is
passive
259
getting a booster shot is
active
260
getting the disease is
active
261
vaccination produces a
primary immune response
262
primary immune response can take how long
2-3 weeks
263
secondary immune respons eis
active
264
booster shots are a _________ immune
secondary
265
in secondary immune response what cells response to the antigen immediately
memory B cells
266
maternal IgG decreases during the
first 3-6 months
267
passive immunity is effective
right away
268
type one immune disorder is over what
IgE
269
in type 1 IgE immediate reactions are triggered by binding of an allergen to
a specific IgE
270
IgE is found on the surface of
mast cells or basophils
271
mast cells and basophils contain granules that have potent mediators like histamine which causes
vasodilator and bronchoconstrictor
272
type 1 IgE systemic ________ reactions
anaphylactic
273
type 1 IgE localized atopic disorders
allergic rhinitis and food allergies
274
anaphylaxis is the systemic response to the ___________ __________ released in type 1 hypersensitivity
inflammatory mediators
275
key inflammatory mediators in anaphylaxis
vasodilation and bronchoconstriction
276
primary/initial phase response consist of
vasodilation, vascular leakage, smooth muscle contaction
277
secondary/late phase response consists of
tissue destruction (epithelial cell damage) more intense infiltration of tissues with eosinophils and other acute and chronic inflammatory cells
278
atopic disorders is commonly called
allergic reactions
279
atopic disorders are systemic or
anaphylactic reactions
280
atopic disorders have local atopic reactions
urticaria (hives), rhinitis (hay fever), atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma
281
tuberculin test is a type
IV
282
Type IV is a cel ________ immune response
mediated
283
Type Iv is a _______ type of hypersensitivity
delayed
284
autoimmune diseases are caused by
failure of self recognition
285
example of acquired immunodeficiency
AIDS
286
occupation hazard is ___ with AIDs
low
287
HIV person can transmit when no symptoms are present, seroconversion occurs from 1-3 moths but may take up to 6, what is seroconversion
test shows negative but person is actually positive
288
Latent period/chronic asymtomatic may last
10-11 years
289
overt AIDs: TH cell count <_____ cells/Ml or _______-_______ __________
200, aids defining illness
290
some examples if AIDS manifestaions
Respiratory PCP, dementia, Wasting
291
chronic or typical progressors
after 7-10 years
292
rapid progressors
within 2-3 years
293
long term nonprogressors
asymptomatic after 10 years
294
elite controller
plasma HIV RNA levels below detection
295
transmission from mother to baby of AIDs can occur in
utero, during labor, delivery and in breast milk
296
what immunity develops after exposure to specific antigen
adaptive
297
Aids defining illness examples
wasting syndrome, HANDS, PCP, Kaposi's sarcoma
