Chapter 8 Flashcards by Lani Manners

osmotic activity may be expressed in 2 ways

osmolality vs osmolarity

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1 L of water weighs

1 Kg/ 2.2 LBS

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tonicity

a change in water content causes cells to shrink or burst

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tonicity examples

hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic

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hypertonic causes cells to

shrink

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hypotonic causes cells to

shrink

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isotonic causes cells

to do neither

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ECF =

plasma + interstitial + transcellualr

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when transcellular fluid becomes considerably enlarger this is called

third spacing

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third spacing causes

ascites in peritoneal cavity

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_____ drives colonial osmotic pressure

ALBUMIN

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keeps fluid in capillaries

tissue hydrostatic pressure, capillary colloidal osmotic pressure

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pushes fluid out

capillary filtration pressure, tissue colloidal pressure

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what forces work to keep blood in the capillary

capillary COP and tissue hydrostatic pressure

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edema

palpable swelling/ expansion of interstitial fluid

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edema is caused by

increased capillary filtration pressure, decreased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, obstruction to lymph flow

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what regulates sodium balance

thirst and ADH

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deficiency of or decreased response to ADH

diabetes insipidus

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SIADH-ADH

secretion continues when serum osmo is reduced

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SIADH-ADH causes

water retention and dilution hypoatremeia

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disorders of sodium and water balance

isotonic fluid volume deficit, isotonic fluid volume excess

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isotonic fluid volume deficit

decrease in ECF including circulating blood volume.

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Isotonic fluid volume excess

usually associated with sodium increase accompanied by increase in body water

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symptoms of isotonic volume deficit

vomiting, diarrhea, polyuria, excess sweating, third space loss

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hyponatremia causes

diuretics, SIADH

hyponatermia manifestations

muscle cramps/weakness, CNS, N&V, cramps, diarrhea

hypernatremia causes excess body fluid _____

loss

hypernatremia is caused by

defect in thirst

hypernatremia manifestations

ECF fluid loss and dehydration (thirst), CNS, seizures, decreased vascular volume

potassium is 98% found where

intracellular

potassium levels

3.5-5 mEq/L

potassium is critical in

resting membrane potential; balance essential to prevent cardiac dysrhythmias

potassium regulation is through

renal and transcellular shift

hypokalemia caused by

inadequate intake, excessive losses through kidney, skin and GI or redistribution between ECF/ICF

hypokalemia manifestations

GI, Neuro, Cardiac

hyperkalemia caused

decrease renal elimination, rapid administration, redistributions

hyperkalemia maifestations

cardiac arrest

hyperkalemia moves resting potential ____ threshold

toward

in hyperkalemia cells fire more

easily

hypokalemia moves resting potential ____ from threshold

away

in hypokalemia cells fire

less easily

___% of calcium is found in bone

total level of calcium fluctuates with changes in

serum, albumin, and pH

____ is a gate keeper for Ca reabsorption

kidney

parathyroid hormone promotes

release of Ca from bone, activates vit D to enhance intestinal absorption, stimulates Ca conservation by kidney

hypocalcemia cause

impaired ability to mobilize from bone, abnormal losses from kidney, and increase protein binding

pseudo hypocalciuma is due to

low albumin

serum levels fall as _____ levels rise in renal failure

phosphate

hypocalcemia manifestations (key ones)

chovstek sign and tetany

chovstek test

tapping on face just below temple at point where facial nerve emerges, spasm of lip and nose is positive

trousseau test

inflated blood pressure cuff, inflated 10mmHG above systolic blood pressure for 3 mins, contractions of fingers and hand=positive

hypercalcemia

calcium movement into the circulation overwhelms the calcium regulatory hormones or the ability of kidney to remove it

manifestations of hypercalcemia

changes in neural excitability, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, ataxia

magesium is second most abundant

IC cation

magnesium helps with

nerve conduction, ion transport, calcium channel acivity

hypomagnesia is dangerous because

kidneys have difficulty conserving magnesium when its low

hypomagenesemia happens when excessive _____ intake or alcoholsim

calcium

hypomagnesemia causes

increase in neuromuscular excitability-muscle weakness and tremors

hypomagnesemia may co exist with

hypocalcemia/hypokalemia

pH is maintained though mechanisms

generate, buffers and eliminate acids and bases

acid is a molecular that can release a

H ion

base is a molecule that can

accept or combine with an H ion

pH represents the

negative log of the H ion concentration in mEq/L

incomplete oxidation of glucose results in the formation or

lactic acid

incomplete oxidation of fats results in the production of

ketoacids

regulation of pH

ICF and ECF buffering systems lungs controlling elimination of CO2 kidneys eliminating H+ and regulating the elimination of HCO3

increase in CO2 causes

increases in CO2 increases In H+ (lower pH) increases in bicarbonate ion

respiratory acidosis cause

impaired alveolar ventilation, acute or chronic leads to rise in PCO2

latrogenic

CO2 narcosis

respiratory alkalosis cause

hyperventialtion, panic

as blood levels of CO2 rise ___ drops

metabolic acidosis caused by

excess non-volatile acids, loss of bicarb, decreased acid secretion by kidney, increase in chloride

metabolic acids

cardiac contractility and output decrease

Chapter 8 Flashcards

(73 cards)