Chapter 30, 31 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
the most common port of entry for cold viruses is
A
conjunctival surfaces of the eyes
2
Q
influenza could lead to
A
pneumonia
3
Q
3 types of pneomina
A
community acquired, hospital acquired and immunocompromised
4
Q
community acquired pneumonia is what bacteria
A
streptococus
5
Q
hospital acquired pneumonia is
A
VAP
6
Q
immunocomprimised pneumonia
A
defects in cellular immunity predispose to infections with viruses, fungi, mycobacterium and protozoa
7
Q
example of immunocomprimised pneumonia in AIDS
A
pnuemocystis carini
8
Q
pneumonia is the most common cause of death from
A
infectious disease
9
Q
pneumococcal _________ _______ most common,
A
streptococcus pneumoniae
10
Q
pneumococcal virulence is a function of its ______ which prevents or delays _______ by phagocytes
A
capsules, digestion
11
Q
people at risk of pneumococcal
A
elderly, trauma patient/immunocomprimised
12
Q
spleen play a major rode in both _____ production and ______ activity
A
antibody, macrophage
13
Q
symptoms of pneumococcal
A
malaise, severe shaking chill, fever, crackles
14
Q
in elderly pneumococcal they may only have 2 symptoms
A
mental status change and appetite change
15
Q
people who should get vaccine for pneumococcal
A
elderly, sickle cell and splenectomy
16
Q
tuberculosis is an _______ disease
A
inhaled
17
Q
tuberculosis anergy
A
false negative reaction
18
Q
anergy in immunocomprmised people it can mean that the person
A
has a true lack of exposure to the tuberculosis or is unable to mount an immune response to the test
19
Q
ghon complex
A
nodules in lung tissue and lymph nodes
20
Q
initial TB infection results in granulomatous lesion or ______ focus containing
macrophages, T cells and inactive TB bacteria
A
Ghon
21
Q
2 types of lung cancer
A
small cell and non small cell
22
Q
one of the key manifestations of center is
A
ectopic hormones secreted by tumor cells (paraneiplastic disorders)
23
Q
ADH
A
syndrom of inapprotipate ADH
24
Q
ACTH
A
cushings
25
PTH
related protein hypercalecemia
26
clubbing
fingers swell by nail
27
respiratory disorders have in infants and children why?
immature musculoskeletal system
28
2 types of respiratory obstruction in children
extrathoracic airways (upper)
intrathoracic airways (lower)
29
extrathoracic airways (upper) have inspiratory retractions as ribs are moved outward and body wall
does not expand with rib cage
30
intrathoracic airways (lower) rib cage retractions as ribs are pulled inward but air
does not leave lungs
31
premature babies are deficient in
surfactant
32
when a premature baby has a lack of surfactant they are not strong enough to
inflate their alveoli
33
T/F: premature infants are at greater risk of developing respiratory distress syndrome than term infants
T (why? bc premies are lacking type 2 alveoli which leads to no surfactant)
34
epiglottis medical emergency how does the child apper
toxic, lethargic, difficulty swallowing, muffle voice, drooling, fever, distress
35
if you see a child presenting with symptoms of epiglottis medical emergency what should you avoid
aggressive examination (do not look at throat or lay down unless at the hospital)
36
hypventialtion causes
hypercapnia and hypoxia
37
hypoventialltion can be caused by
depression of respiratory center, diseases of respiratory nerves/muslces, thoracic cage disorders
38
causes of respiratory failure
hypoventilation, ventilation/perfusion mismatching, impaired diffusion
39
impaired diffusion leads to
hypoxemia (not hypercapnia)
40
impaired diffusion is caused by
interstitial lung diease, ARDS, pulmonary edema, pneumonia
41
hypoxemia is low
O2
42
hypoxemia may present with cyanosis but why should you NOT rely on cyanosis
may be late and is unreliable in dark skin tones
43
mild hypoxemia produces few manifestations a slight impairment of _______ performance, and visual activity, hyperventilation and impaired ________, a patient may have complete personality change where grandma is nice but becomes _________
mental, judgement, comabtive
44
hypercapnia is a increase in
CO2
45
hypercapnia is caused by
respiratory acidosis
46
hydrothorax
serous fluid
47
empyema
pus
48
chylothorax
lymph
49
hemothorax
blood
50
pneumothorax
air
51
death can be cause with what pneumothorax
tension
52
one of the key signs of tension pneumothorax is
tracheal deviation
53
tension pneumothorax could lead to what kind of shock
obstruction
54
tension pneumothorax CPR and epi will or won't fix it
wont
55
tension pneumothorax could happen because of
trauma, fall, car crash
56
atelectasis is
incomplete expansion of a lung or portion of the lung
57
atelectasis is very common
post op
58
when treating atelectasis you need to have your patient do/give to them
pain meds, mobility, deep breaths
59
3 types if obstructive airway disorders
bronchial, emphysema, cystic fibrosis
60
the tone of the ________ smooth muscles surrounding the airways determines airway radius
bronchial
61
the presence or absence of airway ______ influences airway patency
secretions
62
treatment for asthma is
B2 agonists
63
B2 agonists are broncho
dilator
64
factors contributing to the development of asthma attack
allergies, infections, exercise, drugs, hormones, airborne pollutants
65
___ die from asthma a day
10
66
in asthma you have airway
inflammation
67
responses to airway inflammation is
increased airway responsiveness
bronchospasm
airflow limitation
68
extrinsic asthma is related to
type 1 hypersensitivity
69
what causes acute response in extrinsic asthma
mast cells inflammatory mediators
70
intrinsic asthma can be caused by
infection, exercise, hyperventilation, cold air, inhaled irritants, aspirin
71
what are results in narrowing of the airway and airflow obstruction
bronchospasm, airway inflammation and hyperrespinsiveness
72
asthma manifestaions
chest constriction, wheezing, dyspnea, use of accessory muscles, pulsus paradoxus, nonproductive coughing
73
status asthmatics (severe asthma)
bronchospasm not reversed by usual measures, life threatining
74
ominous signs of impending death
silent chest, no audible air movement, PCO2 greater than 70
75
peak flow meter tells asthma patient
how acute the attack is
76
peak flow meter tells
FEV
77
COPD
emphysema, chronic bronchitis
78
emphysema
loss of lung elasticity and abnormal enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles, destruction of alveolar wall and capillary beds
79
cause of emphysema
smoking
80
genetic type of emphysema
alpha 1 antitrypsin deficieny
81
chronic bronchitis
chronic productive cough of more than 3 months duration for 2 years, obstruction of small airways
82
mechanisms of COPD
obstructive airflow, decreased surface area for gas exchange, airway collapse, obstructed exhalation, air trapping
83
emphysema
trouble getting air out
84
bleb
distruction of alveloi
85
a bleb can develop ________ if it were to burst and leak into intraplueral space
pneumothorax
86
chronic bronchitis
chronic irritation of airways, increased number of mucous cells, productive cough
87
pink puffers
emphysema
88
blue bloaters
bronchitis
89
pink puffers increases respiration to maintain
oxygen levels
90
pink puffers may like
pursed lip breathing
91
do not give _______ ____ high O2 ammounts
pink puffers
92
blue bloaters cannot increase respiration enough to maintain
O2 levels
93
blue bloaters get
cyanosis, polycythemia, cor pulomale
94
blue bloaters cannot
breath enough
95
cystic fibrosis is autosomal
recessive
96
cystic fibrosis affects what group
caucasians
97
cystic fibrosis involves _____ transport proteins
chloride
98
cystic fibrosis fluid secretion in the ______ glands and epithelial lining of the respiratory, GI and reproductive tracts
exocrine
99
cystic fibrosis have high concentrations in sweat
NaCl
100
cystic fibrosis have a thick
mucous
101
cystic fibrosis life expectancy is
shorter
102
interstitial lung disease
characterized by restrictive changes in the lung; injury to the alveolar epithelium followed by inflammatory process
103
interstitial lung disease is restictive or obstructive
restrictive
104
interstitial lung disease have a low
FEV1
105
pulmonary embolism can be
thrombus, air, fat, amniotic fluid
106
pulmonary embolism can happen after a
long flight
107
pulmonary embolism oral contraceptives + smoking=
3x risk
108
pulmonary embolism: you can have an umbrella put in __________ to prevent clots from going into lungs
vena cava
109
cor pulmonale
right heart failure resulting from primary lung diease and longstanding primary or secondary pulmonary hypertension
110
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrom
111
ARDS is not a diease it happens
in response to something
112
ARDs exudate enters alveoli and blocks
gas exchange and makes inhalation more difficult
113
ARDS neutrophils enter the alveoil
release inflammatory mediators, release proteolytic enzymes
114
ARDS is know as
white out
115
ARDs have high probability that when alveolus is not functioning its a
shunt
116
hypoxemia respiratory failure is caused by
chronic obstructive pulmonary diease, restrictive lung diease, severe pneumonia, atelectasis, impaired diffusion
117
hypoxemia you have
tachycardia and restlessness
118
hypercapnia and hypoxemia go
hand in hand
119
hypercapnia and hypoxia can come from
upper airway obstruction
- infection
- tumors
weakness or paralysis of respiratory muscles
- brain injury
- drug over dose
- Guillain Baree
- Shock
- spinal cord injury
and chest wall injury
