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Pathophysiology > Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Flashcards

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1
Q

purpose of circulatory system

A

transport

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2
Q

circulatory system includes the

A

heart, arterial system, venous system and capillaries

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3
Q

low pressure pulmonary system allows blood to move through ______ more ______ which is important for gas exchange

A

lungs, slowly

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4
Q

central system is composed of

A

heart and pulmonary

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5
Q

most of the blood is found in the

A

venules

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6
Q

what is the driving force for blood flow

A

pressure difference between arterial and venous side

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7
Q

exhaling against closed glottis, this impedes

A

venous return

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8
Q

exhaling against a closed glottis shifts as much as

A

250 mL of blood

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9
Q

example of exhaling against a closed glottis

A

weight lifting, bracing core, bracing on the toilet

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10
Q

when in recumbent position (laying flat) 25-30% of blood is in

A

central circulation

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11
Q

when you stand the blood is rapidly displaced to

A

lower body parts

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12
Q

hemodynamics describes the

A

physical principles governing pressure, flow and resistance relating to circulatory system

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13
Q

fluid flow through a vessel depends on

A

the pressure difference between ends of the vessel, the vessels resistance to fluid flow

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14
Q

viscosity is largely determined by

A

RBC

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15
Q

if flow is constant velocity is _________ proportional to the cross sectional area of the vessle

A

inversely

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16
Q

laminar flow

A

moving in one direction

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17
Q

________ is minimal when laminar flow

A

friction

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18
Q

turbulent flow occurs with ____ velocity of flow, change in vessel ______ and low blood _____

A

high, diameter, viscosity

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19
Q

large mitochondria reflects

A

continuous energy needs

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20
Q

myocardium behaves as a

A

single unit

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21
Q

myocardium stores less of what electrolyte

A

calcium

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22
Q

mycardium relies more heavily on an influx of

A

extracellular calcium for contration

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23
Q

proteins which regulated actin myosin binding are used in diagnosis of MI

A

troponins

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24
Q

troponins help diagnosis

A

MI

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25
you test troponin
serially
26
endocardium is the
innermost layer
27
endocardium is continuous with
blood vessel
28
increase of heart rate
tachycardia
29
decrease in heart rate
Bradycardia
30
route of electrical conduction to start mechanical contraction
SA node AV junction Bundle of His right and left bundle purkinje fibers
31
if the SA node quits working the ____ takes over
AV node
32
when the AV node takes over the heart rate drops to
40-60BPM
33
if the AV and SA node do not fire the ventricles can fire and drops the heart rate to
40 BPM
34
which ion channels allow cardiac muscle to fire without a stimulus
Ca2+
35
P wave is the depolarization of the
atria
36
inbetween P and Q wave is the
delay in AV node
37
QRS complex is the depolarization of
ventricles
38
end of S to T wave is the depolarization of
ventricles
39
absolute refractory period takes place between
QRS and peak T wave
40
absolute refractory period
cardiac cells cannot be stimulated to conduct an electrical impulse, no matter how strong the stimulus
41
relative refractory period takes place when
the downslope of the T wave
42
relative refractory period
cardiac cells can be stimulated to depolarizes if the stimulus is strong enough
43
supernormal period takes place when
end of the T wave
44
supernormal period
a weaker than normal stimulus can cause depolarization of cardiac cells
45
ECG records
electrical voltages generated by depolarization of heart muscle
46
ECG can provide information about
conduction disturbances, electrical effects of electrolytes and medications, presence of ischemic damage
47
systole is
contration
48
diastole is
filling
49
coronary arteries fill during
filling
50
systole is between
S1 and S2
51
diastole is between
S2 and S1
52
S1 sound is produced by
mitral and tricuspid closure
53
S2 sound is produced by
aortic and pulmonic closure
54
S3 is produced by
passive filling stage of diastole
55
what S are inaudiable
S3 and S4
56
if S3 can be heard then
often represents an overloaded ventricle, can be physiologic in children but pathologic in adults
57
S3 could mean
failure
58
S3 is a ______ sound
diastolic
59
if S4 can be heard then
it is produced by atrial contraction during diastole
60
tachycardia decreases ________ filling and ______ artery filling time
ventricle, coronary
61
mural thrombus
clot on wall of heart which is caused by stagnant blood
62
diastole
ventricles relaxed blood entering atria blood flows through AV valves into ventricles semilunar valves are closed
63
systole
ventricles contract blood pushes against AV valves and they shut blood pushes through semilunar valves into aorta and pulmonary trunk
64
only way to safely take care of patients with heart failure is to know what valule
Ejection Fraction
65
how to find EF
stroke volume divided by the end diastolic volume
66
EF represents
the fraction of percentage of the diastolic volume that is ejected from the heart during systole
67
stroke volume is made up of 3 things
preload, contractility, afterload
68
cardiac output
liters per min
69
stroke volume
how much is pushed out in one beat
70
preload is the proportional to stretch of myocardium at end
diastole
71
preload represents the amount of
gas in the take/filling pressure
72
afterload is the pressure
the heart must generate to move blood into the aorta
73
afterload is the resistance the heart must pump
against
74
_______ relationship between afterload and cardiac performance
inverse
75
contractility
the rate, extent and force of fiber shortening during systole for a given set of loading conditions
76
another name for contractillity
inotrophy
77
central circulatory system consists of
heart and pulmonary
78
exhaling against a closed glottis impedes venous return and shifts as much as _____ mL of blood
250
79
turbulent flow occurs with
high velocity of flow, change in vessel diameter and low blood viscosity
80
proteins which regulated actin-myosin binding are used in diagnosis of MI
troponins
81
3 cations associated with depolarization and repolarization
Ca+, Na+ and K+
82
an high T wave may indicate
hyperkalemia
83
coronary arteries fill during
diastole
84
S1 is produced by
mitral and tricuspid closure
85
S2 is produced by
aortic and pulmonic closure
86
S3 is a sign of
HEART FAILURE
87
S3 is what type of sound
diastolic
88
tachycardia causes decrease in ________ filling and decrease in _________ artery filling time
ventricular, coronary
89
stagnat blood can cause a
mural thrombus
90
mural thrombus is a
clot on wall of heart
91
what is the only way to safely take care of a patient with heart failure
knowing their ejection fraction
92
preload is known as
gas in tank
93
contractility is
stretch of fibers
94
afterload is
resistance heart has to pump against
95
preload is proportional to
stretch of myocardium at end of diastole
96
afterload is the resistance the heart must pump
against
97
there is a ________ relationship between afterload and cardiac preformance
inverse
98
inotropy
another word for contractility

Pathophysiology (44 decks)

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