Chapter 6

Question 1

Neoplasia

Answer 1

process of ‘new growth’

Question 2

neoplasms proliferate to form

Answer 2

new tissue

Question 3

neoplasia ignore signals to stop

Answer 3

Dividing

Question 4

neoplasia often do not mature normally (differentiate) meaning

Answer 4

they do not do the job they are supposed to do

Question 5

neoplasia do not go through

Answer 5

apoptosis

Question 6

cancer is caused by

Answer 6

decreased in immune system

Question 7

neoplasia is relatively

Answer 7

autonomous

Question 8

cell proliferation

Answer 8

process of cell division
inherent adaptive mechanism for replacing body cells

Question 9

cell differentiation

Answer 9

process of specialization
new cells acquire the structure and function of cells they replace

Question 10

Apoptosis

Answer 10

a form of programmed cell death to eliminate unwanted cells

Question 11

stem cells

Answer 11

reserve cells that remain quiescent until there is a need for cell replenishment
when stem cells divide, one daughter cell retains the stem cells characteristics, and the other daughter cell becomes a progenitor cell that proceeds through the terminal differentiation

Question 12

benign tumor naming

Answer 12

tissue name + “-oma”

Question 13

malignant tumor in epithelial tissue

Answer 13

tissue name + “carcinoma”

Question 14

Adenoma

Answer 14

benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissue

Question 15

adenocarcinoma

Answer 15

malignant tumor of glandular epithelial tissue

Question 16

carcinoma

Answer 16

malignant tumor of epithelial tissue

Question 17

osteoma

Answer 17

benign tumor of bone tissue

Question 18

sarcoma

Answer 18

malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin

Question 19

papillomas

Answer 19

benign microscopic or macroscopic finger like projections growing on a surface

Question 20

benign neoplasms can cause death by

Answer 20

location

Question 21

benign tumors are composed of

Answer 21

well differentiated cells that resemble the cells of the tissue of origin

Question 22

benign tumor labs are normal because

Answer 22

it is the same tissue and do normal functions

Question 23

benign tumors can kill/hurt you because of their location because they can

Answer 23

damage nearby organs by compressing them

Question 24

malignant tumors do what to enzymes

Answer 24

liberate enzymes and toxins that destroy tumor tissue and normal tissue

Question 25

in malignant tumors labs will be off because

Answer 25

the tissue type is abnormal and does not do normal functions

Question 26

anaplasia

Answer 26

describes the loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue

Question 27

malignant neoplasms that are composed of poorly differentiated or undifferentiated cells are

Answer 27

anaplastic

Question 28

growth properties

Answer 28

proliferate easily, no contact inhibition, anchorage independence, faulty cell to cell communication and immortal

Question 29

cells divide when they are told to by

Answer 29

growth factor

Question 30

a cell divides 30 times and contains more than 1 billion cells it is how big

Answer 30

1 cm

Question 31

most cancers synthesis and secrete enzymes that

Answer 31

break down proteins and contribute to infiltration, invasion, and penetration of surrounding tissues

Question 32

angiogenesis breaks down what key tissue compartment

Answer 32

basement membrane

Question 33

blue dye may be injected into a cancerous tumor why?

Answer 33

to see where the cancerous lymph drains to so testing can be done on that node

Question 34

liver and lungs are the most frequent metazoic sites for hematogenous spread why?

Answer 34

because those major organs are connected closely by major veins including the portal vein and the vena cava, which means spreading is more likely to occur since cancer in that site is so close to a moving system

Question 35

major etiologies of cancer

Answer 35

genetic and molecular, external factors

Question 36

porto-oncogenes are a normal gene that codes for

Answer 36

normal proteins used in cell division

Question 37

oncogenes are

Answer 37

mutated

Question 38

oncogenes create

Answer 38

cancer

Question 39

some examples of what oncogenes might produce

Answer 39

too much protein an abnormal protein protein that turns on all by itself protein that is made when not needed protein that cannot turn cell division off protein that should be made by a different cell

Question 40

gene amplification may cause

Answer 40

over expression

Question 41

P53 is the most common target for

Answer 41

genetic alterations

Question 42

P53

Answer 42

helps code for health of cell, prevents damage

Question 43

you can have two pathways to cancer

Answer 43

accelerator or a brake

Question 44

accelerator in cancer means

Answer 44

increased production in something that is unneeded at that volume

Question 45

brake in cancer mean

Answer 45

a stoping in good material. Stopping of something preventing cancer

Question 46

benign tumors are differentiated or undifferentiated?

Answer 46

Differentiated

Question 47

malignant tumors are differentiated or undifferentiated

Answer 47

Undifferentiated

Question 48

when a well differentiated cell mutates is it more or less likely to become malignant?

Answer 48

less

Question 49

3 host and environmental factors that can cause cancer

Answer 49

heredity, hormones, obesity

Question 50

inflammatory cells release compounds such as

Answer 50

reactive oxygen species that promote mutations and block the cellular response to DNA damage

Question 51

Susceptible organs

Answer 51

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract, pancreas, thyroid gland, prostate, urinary bladder, pleura, skin

Question 52

why do malignant tumors usually cause a reduction in the amount of hormones the affected organ produces

Answer 52

organ damage, inflammation of the organ, organ failure

Question 53

cachexia is driven by

Answer 53

cytokines

Question 54

cancer cells produce

Answer 54

hormones or hormone like proteins

Question 55

ADH syndrome if inappropriate ADH

Answer 55

decrease in Na

Question 56

ACTH

Answer 56

Cushing syndrome

Question 57

PTH related protein

Answer 57

hypercalcemia

Question 58

cancer cells produce proteins that affect

Answer 58

clotting

Question 59

someone with cancer may have an increased number of

Answer 59

clots

Question 60

clots like DVT could be the first symptom for

Answer 60

cancer

Question 61

tumor markers are

Answer 61

that are expressed on the surface of tumor cells or substances released from normal cells in response to the presence of tumor

Question 62

TNM classification T

Answer 62

tumor

Question 63

TNM classification N

Answer 63

Nodes

Question 64

TNM classification M

Answer 64

metastasis

Question 65

goals of cancer treatment

Answer 65

curative, control, palliative

Question 66

cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death after

Answer 66

cardiovascular disease

Question 67

cancer is a disorder of

Answer 67

altered cell differentiation and growth

Question 68

stem cells are self

Answer 68

renewal

Question 69

lipoma

Answer 69

benign tumor of fat

Question 70

leiomyoma

Answer 70

benign tumor of smooth muscle

Question 71

malignant tumors do not have clear

Answer 71

boundaries

Question 72

two categories of malignant tumors is

Answer 72

solid and hematologic

Question 73

oncogenesis 3 stages

Answer 73

initiation, promotion, progression

Question 74

oncogenesis initiation

Answer 74

initial mutation occurs

Question 75

oncogenesis promotion

Answer 75

mutated cells are stimulated to divide

Question 76

oncogenesis progression

Answer 76

tumor cells compete with one another and develop more mutations which make them more aggressive

Question 77

chronic infalmmation is a important factor in

Answer 77

development of cancer

Question 78

manifestations of cancer

Answer 78

tissue integrity-compressed and eroded blood vessels, ulceration, changes in organ failure, nonspecific signs of tissue breakdown