Chapters 30 & 31 Quiz

Question 1

The respiratory system can be divided into two parts: the conducting airway through which air travels as it moves between the atmosphere and the lungs and the respiratory tissues of body where gas exchange takes place. The respiratory tissues consist of the:

Answer 1

respiratory bronchioles and alveolar structures

Question 2

The oropharynx connects the nasopharynx and the mouth, which serves as an alternate airway. Obstruction of the oropharynx by a large foreign object leads to:

Answer 2

breathing cessation

Question 3

The moisture that is added to the air as it moves through the conducting airway:

Answer 3

increases as body temperature increases

Question 4

The functions of the larynx, which connects the oropharynx with the trachea, are those associated with:

Answer 4

speech, conducting air between the atmosphere and the respiratory tissues of the lung, protecting the lungs from inhalation of substances other than air

Question 5

The vocal folds of the larynx and the opening between them are collectively referred to as the:

Answer 5

glottis

Question 6

Conditions that impair closure of the glottis such as the presence of a nasogastric tube impair coughing by:

Answer 6

preventing the full increase in intrathoracic pressure needed for an effective cough

Question 7

The horseshoe-shaped cartilages that support the trachea and large bronchi:

Answer 7

prevent them from collapsing when the pressure in the chest becomes negative

Question 8

Blood is supplied to the conducting airways and supporting structures of the lungs by the:

Answer 8

bronchial circulation

Question 9

Prolonged fever can result in dehydration by:

Answer 9

increasing the amount of water that is removed from the air each time it moves through the conducting airways
increasing the respiratory rate and the frequency with which the air needs to be moisturized

Question 10

The pleura is a thin double-layered serous membrane that surrounds the lungs. The thin layer of fluid that separates the two layers:

Answer 10

prevents frictional forces from developing as the lungs inflate and deflate during respiration, keeps the outer surface of the lung from separating from the chest wall when the chest expands

Question 11

The intrapleural pressure is normally negative in relation to:

Answer 11

atmospheric pressure

Question 12

Adequate ventilation depends on:

Answer 12

patent airways
compliant lungs
pressure differences between atmosphere and lungs

Question 13

Adequate ventilation depends on:

Answer 13

patent airways
compliant lungs
pressure differences between atmosphere and lungs

Question 14

Which one of the following constitutes the main muscles of inspiration?

Answer 14

diaphragm

Question 15

Lung compliance refers to the ease with which:

Answer 15

the lungs can be inflated or the amount of pressure needed to change their volume

Question 16

Which lung diseases would be expected to have decrease compliance or stiffer lungs??

Answer 16

ARDS stiffer, less compliant

Question 17

Which lung diseases would be expected to have increased compliance??

Answer 17

emphysema loss of elasticity more compliant

Question 18

Surface tension describes:

Answer 18

force that develop at the liquid/air interface in the alveoli

Question 19

In which one of the following situations would the diffusing capacity of the lung be impaired because of a decrease in surface area?

Answer 19

surgical removal of a lung

Question 20

Most of the oxygen carried in the blood is transported:

Answer 20

attached to hemoglobin

Question 21

The PO2 levels of the blood refer to the oxygen that is:

Answer 21

dissolved in the plasma

Question 22

Most of the carbon dioxide that is produced as a result of tissue metabolism is carried in the blood in the form of:

Answer 22

bicarbonate

Question 23

Surfactant functions to:

Answer 23

reduce alveolar surface tension

Question 24

The three syndromes of influenza include all but one of the following. Which one is not related to the influenza virus?
Meningitis
Rhinotracheitis
Viral pneumonia
Respiratory virus followed by a bacterial infection

Answer 24

meningitis

Question 25

The virulence of S. pneumoniae is related to:

Answer 25

its polysaccharide capsule, which resists digestion by phagocytes

Question 26

The most common form of pneumonia is characterized by:

Answer 26

malaise; a sudden, severe shaking chill; and high fever in a previously healthy person progressive changes in sputum (watery to bloody to purulent) as the infection runs its course changes in mental state and anorexia in older persons

Question 27

People infected with HIV and tuberculosis may not have a hypersensitivity response to the tuberculin test owing to:

Answer 27

anergy

Question 28

With upper airway obstruction in the infant and small child, retraction of chest structures occurs because:

Answer 28

the rib cage is more compliant or flexible in children

Question 29

Which one of the following acute respiratory infections in children poses the greatest threat of severe hypoxia caused by airway obstruction?

Answer 29

Epiglottitis

Question 30

Signs of respiratory distress and impending respiratory failure in infants and small children include:

Answer 30

very rapid shallow breathing increased pulse rate grunting in an effort to maintain patent airways retractions of the chest cage

Question 31

Pleural pain is usually:

Answer 31

unilateral and is made worse by breathing

Question 32

In spontaneous pneumothorax, a communication develops between alveoli on the lung surface and the pleural space. As a result:

Answer 32

a portion of the lung collapses

Question 33

Tension pneumothorax is characterized by:

Answer 33

a shift of the mediastinum to the opposite side

Question 34

Atelectasis refers to:

Answer 34

incomplete expansion of a portion of the lung

Question 35

Which of the following conditions is not associated with atelectasis?

Answer 35

Receiving a bronchodilator medication

Question 36

Which one of the following is most descriptive of the signs and symptoms of atelectasis?

Answer 36

Dyspnea, increased respiratory rate, absence of breath sounds, and presence of intercostal retractions over the involved area

Question 37

Bronchial asthma involves:

Answer 37

airway inflammation

Question 38

Increased parasympathetic activity causes

Answer 38

relaxation of the bronchioles

Question 39

In bronchial asthma, the early response involves:

Answer 39

inflammation and increased airway responsiveness

Question 40

signs and symptoms of bronchial asthma in children include:

Answer 40

tight and nonproductive cough wheezing and signs of airway obstruction dyspnea and prolonged expiration

Question 40

signs and symptoms of bronchial asthma in children include:

Answer 40

tight and nonproductive cough wheezing and signs of airway obstruction dyspnea and prolonged expiration

Question 41

In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) there is:

Answer 41

small airway obstruction during the expiratory phase of ventilation

Question 42

A major risk factor for COPD is:

Answer 42

smoking

Question 43

Emphysema is characterized by:

Answer 43

abnormal enlargement of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles with destruction of the alveolar walls

Question 44

Decreased levels of alpha1-antitrypsin have been implicated in the pathogenesis of emphysema. This enzyme:

Answer 44

protects the lung from damage by elastases and proteases that break down lung tissue

Question 45

Decreased levels of alpha1-antitrypsin have been implicated in the pathogenesis of emphysema. This enzyme:

Answer 45

protects the lung from damage by elastases and proteases that break down lung tissue

Question 46

The major difference between â pink puffersâ with emphysema and â blue bloatersâ with bronchitis is:

Answer 46

the â pink puffersâ are able to overventilate and maintain near-normal blood gas levels until late in the disease

Question 47

Cor pulmonale:

Answer 47

results from a variety of chronic lung diseases, which increase the work of the right ventricle until it fails

Question 48

In the person with COPD, pursed-lip breathing improves ventilation because it: Please read text on COPD

Answer 48

increases small airway pressures during expiration as a means of preventing their collapse

Question 49

Administering a high concentration of oxygen to a person with chronic hypoxia can be harmful because:

Answer 49

high concentrations suppress the oxygen chemoreceptors, which provide the main stimulus for ventilation

Question 49

Administering a high concentration of oxygen to a person with chronic hypoxia can be harmful because:

Answer 49

high concentrations suppress the oxygen chemoreceptors, which provide the main stimulus for ventilation

Question 50

In persons with acute respiratory distress syndrome:

Answer 50

gas diffusion is impaired, and the lungs become stiff and difficult to inflate

Question 51

Causes of respiratory failure because of impaired gas diffusion include:

Answer 51

acute respiratory distress syndrome

Question 52

Signs of hypercapnia include:

Answer 52

Headache, flushed skin, and conjunctival hyperemia

Question 53

why do the signs of hypercapnia happen

Answer 53

CO2 vasodilates blood vessels and sedates nervous system

Question 54

why do the signs of hypercapnia happen

Answer 54

CO2 vasodilates blood vessels and sedates nervous system

Question 55

Which one of the following could cause hypoxemia but not cyanosis?

Answer 55

anemia

Question 56

Which one of the following would differentiate chronic from acute hypoxia?

Answer 56

Polycythemia (gradual increase in RBC with chronic hypoxemia)

Question 57

The term vital capacity refers to:

Answer 57

the amount of air that remains in the lung after forceful expiration

Question 58

The function of the mucociliary blanket that lines the conducting airways is to:

Answer 58

entrap dust and other foreign matter from the airways, moisten the air as it moves through the airways

Question 59

The function of the mucociliary blanket that lines the conducting airways is to:

Answer 59

entrap dust and other foreign matter from the airways, moisten the air as it moves through the airways

Question 60

The moisture content of the air that is in the lung

Answer 60

is maintained at 100% relative humidity

Question 60

The moisture content of the air that is in the lung

Answer 60

is maintained at 100% relative humidity

Question 61

The abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity is called:

Answer 61

pleural effusion

Question 62

The rate of gas diffusion in the lung is directly proportional to:

Answer 62

the thickness of the alveolar-capillary membrane

Question 63

What happens in the lungs when alveolar oxygen levels drop below 60 mm Hg?

Answer 63

Localized vasoconstriction

Question 64

The amount of dead-air space and shunting are factors that affect

Answer 64

the matching of ventilation and perfusion

Question 65

The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to the right to decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen when:

Answer 65

pH decrease

Question 66

The two-step testing procedure for tuberculosis consists of administering a second test 1 week later in persons who test negative to the first test. The purpose of the two-step test is to:

Answer 66

check for a boosted response in which the first test acted as a booster shot, causing activation of the immune system so that it can response to the second test

Question 67

Cancer of the lung is divided into four types. Which of these types has the greatest ability to undergo paraneoplastic transformation and secrete polypeptide hormones?

Answer 67

Small cell carcinoma

Question 68

A distinguishing feature of influenza is:

Answer 68

abrupt-onset symptoms of fever, chills, and general malaise

Question 69

What is the most common opportunistic infection in children with AIDS?

Answer 69

Pneumocystis carinii (jirovecii)

Question 70

The pathogenicity of the tubercle baccilus is related to:

Answer 70

its ability to escape killing by macrophages and induce a delayed hypersensitivity immune response

Question 71

A positive tuberculin skin test indicates that:

Answer 71

an individual has been exposed and sensitized to the tubercle baccilus

Question 72

Respiratory distress syndrome manifests itself within 24 hours after birth with:

Answer 72

retractions with inspiration

Question 73

In tension pneumothorax, you would expect signs and symptoms to arise because intrathoracic pressure becomes:

Answer 73

greater than atmospheric

Question 74

A pleural effusion in which pus fills the pleural cavity is called:

Answer 74

empyema

Question 75

A pleural effusion in which pus fills the pleural cavity is called:

Answer 75

empyema

Question 76

Persons with COPD have a decrease in their FEV 1.0 that is measured during pulmonary function studies. The FEV 1.0 refers to:

Answer 76

the maximal amount of air that is exhaled in 1 second

Question 77

Extensive defense mechanisms prevent pneumonia in the general population. Predisposing factors for pneumonia related to these defense mechanisms include all of the following EXCEPT: loss of cough reflex drying of mucous membrane with decreased IgAs damaged ciliated cells caused by smoking low-grade fever

Answer 77

low grade fever

Question 78

Manifestations of lung cancer include:

Answer 78

hemoptysis

Question 79

During an asthmatic attack:

Answer 79

the residual lung volume is increased and forced expiratory volume decreased

Question 80

The administration of continuous (18-24 hours/day) low-flow oxygen to a person with COPD who has a low PO2 is beneficial because it:

Answer 80

decreases the stimulus for pulmonary hypertension and polycythemia