Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathophysiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

(86 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

if a cell does not make adaptive changes as a result it will

A

die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in cell size caused by disease, denervation, loss of endocrine stimulation, inadequate nutrition, ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size and functioning mass from increased workload, physiologic or pathologic; functional components of the cell increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

hypertrophy can be

A

adaptive or compensatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

adaptive hypertrophy

A

cardiomyopathy with hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

compensatory hypertrophy

A

hypertrophy of remaining kidney after other was removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hyperplasia is involved in

A

wound healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

physiologic hyperplasia

A

hormonal (pregnancy): uterine enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

compensation hyperplasia

A

regeneration of the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

non physiologic hyperplasia

A

excessive hormonal/growth factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

metaplasia

A

reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

dysplasia

A

deranged cell growth that results in varied size, shape and appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

dysplasia is reversible but might be what precursor

A

cancer precursor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

which ones are change in cell SIZE

A

hypertrophy and atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which ones are change in NUMBER

A

hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which ones are change in cell TYPE

A

metaplasia and dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

exogenous

A

outside of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

endogenous

A

inside of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

icterus jaundice

A

retention of bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

lipofuscin

A

wear and tear pigment; yellow brown pigment from indigestible residues produced from normal cell turnover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

icterus jaundice and lipofuscin is a example of

A

endogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

coal dust in lungs, lead and tattoos are an example of

A

exogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

increased amounts of CT scans especially in children causes an increased risk of

A

cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
lead crosses
placenta
26
stresses damage cells by
1. direct damage to proteins, membrane and DNA 2. ATP depletion 3. Hypoxia 4. Free radial formation 4. Increased intracellular calcium
27
free radicals are unstable because they are
molecules with an unpaired electron in the outer electron shell
28
free radicals are a particular threat to tissues in which blood flow has been interrupted and then restored because
when blood flow is restored the cell is suddenly confronted with an excess of free radicals that it cannot control
29
hypoxia is absence of enough
oxygen to the cells
30
hypoxia damages cell by diminishing
ATP production
31
apoptosis
programed cell death
32
necrosis
abnormal cell death, not reversible
33
gangrene is ______ tissue
necrotic
34
dry gangrene is a lack of
arterial blood supply, venous blood carries fluid out (DRY DOES NOT GET SWOLLEN)
35
wet gangrene is lack of
venous blood supply, fluid accumulates because there is no blood to carry it away this is what causes swelling
36
gas gangrene is what type of infection
clostridium infection
37
gas gangrene forms what under the skin
bubbles
38
cellular adaptation allow the stressed tissues to
survive or maintain function
39
example of metaplasia
smokers lose ciliated cells in lungs
40
stressed cells may fill up with
unused foods, abnormal proteins, pigments, calcium salts
41
why would a stressed cell fill up with lipids
starvation or alcholoism
42
why would a stressed cell fill up with glycogen
von gierke
43
a stressed cell filling up with abnormal proteins can cause what diseases
alzheimer/parkinsons
44
some examples of pigments are
Jaundice, carbon, tattoo ink
45
abnormal endogenous products from errors in
metabolism
46
in starvation and diabetes delivery of free fatty acids to the ______ are increased and accumulate
liver
47
in alcoholism
intraheptic metabolism of lipids is disturbed
48
fatty liver is the beginning of
cerosis
49
if glycogen metabolism is affected you can get
intracellular glycogen stores
50
von Gierke disease
results in large amounts of glycogen accumulating in liver and kidney also low blood sugar
51
tay sachs has abnormal _____ accumulation in _____ and other tissue causing motor and mental deterioration
lipid; brain
52
tay sachs is noticeable at ____ and death at __-__
6 moths; 2-3 years
53
icterus is caused by
retention of bilirubin which is caused by RBC destruction, obstruction of bile passages or toxic disease preventing bilirubin removal
54
most common exogenous
coal dust
55
examples of exogenous
coal dust, lead, tattoos (insoluble pigments engulfed by macrophages)
56
metastatic occurs in normal tissue as a result of
increased serum calcium levels
57
the older you get the more
calcium salts you have
58
physical agents causing cell injury
mechanical, thermal. electric
59
radiation cell injury causes
ionizing, ultraviolet, nonionizing
60
chemical cell injury
drugs, lead, mercury
61
cell injury can also be caused by
biologic agents, and nutritional imbalances
62
hypoxia
ischemia, anemia, inability to use
63
lead competes with
calcium
64
lead
inactivates enzymes, competes with calcium for incorporation into bone and interferes with nerve transmission and brain development; demyelination of cerebral and cerebellar white matter and death of cortical nerve tissue
65
major targets of lead
RBC, Gi tract, kidneys and nervous system
66
stress damages cells by
direct damage to proteins, membranes, DNA; ATP deletion and hypoxia, free radical formation, increased intracellular calcium
67
free radicals can react with normal cell components by
damaging them or turning them into more free radicals
68
free radicals are removed by antioxidants
Vit E, A, C
69
we need free radicals for
phagocytosis
70
free radicals have
loss of membrane integrity, DNA damage
71
what is dangerous about cardiac arrest and free radicals
when the blood flow is restored the cells are confronted with a lot of free radicals that the cells cannot control
72
lactic acid damages
cell membranes, intracellular structures and DNA
73
how does hypoxia cause cell damage
diminishes ATP production
74
oxygen is an ingredient to ____ in the aerobic pathway
ATP
75
we usually maintain ___ intracellular calcium
low
76
calcium cascade
when calcium is released into the cell it acts as a second messenger that turns on enzymes. These enzymes can damage cells and open more calcium gates letting in even more calcium
77
apoptosis removes
unwanted tissues
78
necrotic cell death causes cells to swell and rupture which leads to
inflammation
79
how does apoptosis work
turn on their own enzymes, digest own cell proteins and DNA, destroyed by white blood cells
80
we need apoptosis for physiologic issues
webbed fingers, menstruation or weaning (all normal)
81
pathophysiologic apoptosis can also occur
cancer if apoptosis is suppressed, and neurodegenerative such as Alzheimers, ALS
82
apoptosis is caused by
signaling factor, mitochondrial damage inside the cell and P53 protein
83
in necrosis cells may undergo
liquefaction, coagulation, infraction, caseous necoriss
84
necrotic tissue cannot be
reversed
85
telomeres are
outermost tail of chromosome arm
86
telomeres shorten with age

Pathophysiology (44 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions