Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathophysiology > Unit 5 Chapter 13 & 14 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Chapter 13 & 14 Flashcards

(96 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Astrocytes with joined endothelial cells of the capillaries in the CNS contribute to the

A

blood brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

with out myelin the axon will

A

die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

neurotransmitters

A

small molecules that incorporate positively charged nitrogen atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

neural tube develops during the ___-___ week

A

3rd-4th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

most congenital abnormalities of SC result from

A

defective closure of the neural tube (spina bifida)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

vertebral column and spinal dura grow faster than

A

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cord usually terminates at ___ in adults

A

L1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

___-___ has pocket of CSF= spinal tap

A

L2-S2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what will enter the brain with ease

A

water, carbon dioxide, oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

do water soluble or lipid soluble readily enter the blood brain barrier

A

lipid soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are some examples of substances that are lipid soluble

A

alcohol, nicotine, heroin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what would increase peremeability

A

trauma, infection, birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

if there is an infection in the brain what soluble antibiotic must we use

A

lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the blood brain barrier is more permeable at birth which would cause risk for _____________ from _________

A

kernicterus, bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what philosopher thought about pain

A

Descartes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

at low levels of intensity, these stimuli may activate _________, but are typically not perceived as painful until the intensity reaches a level where tissue damage ______

A

nociceptors, occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

peripheral fibers are ______ ______ _________

A

free nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

peripheral fibers are widely distributed in

A

skin, dental pulp, periosteum, meninges, internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

first order neurons detect stimuli that threaten the

A

integrity of innervated tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

second order neurons are located in

A

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

second order neurons process ___________ information and transmit it to the brain stem ___________ formation and _________

A

nociceptive, reticular, thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

third order neurons project pain information from the _________ to the ____________ _______

A

thalamus, somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why might a paper cut be more painful than an abdominal mass why

A

there are more nerve endings in the skin than the internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

neospinothalamic tract pain

A

bright, sharp, stabbing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
paleospinothalamic tract pain
diffuse, dull, aching, unpleasant sensations
26
fast pain is will what fibers
A fibers
27
are A fibers myelinated or not
myelinated
28
A fibers are incited by what stimuli
mechanical or thermal
29
slow eave pain is what fibers
C fibers
30
are C fibers myelinated or not
unmyelinated
31
C fibers are incited by what stimuli
chemical/persistent mechanical/thermal
32
opioid peptides
Enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins
33
what do prostaglandins do
enhance sensitivity of pain endings
34
what do aspirin/nonsteroidals do
block the enzyme needed for prostaglandin synthesis which results in pain control
35
pain perception information about pain is received and processed by the higher centers in the brain, ___________, __________, and the individual perceives pain
thalamus, cerebral cortex
36
endogenous analgesia is located in the
PAG
37
the PAG has what receptors highly concentrated there
opioid
38
PAG is connected to what system
limbic
39
what is a pain neurotransmitter
serotonin
40
PAG has a dense population of
cells
41
pain threshold
point at which a stimulus is perceived as painful
42
is threshold uniform or specific to the person
uniform
43
pain tolerance
maximum intensity or duration of pain that a person is willing to endure before the person wants something done about the pain
44
is pain tolerance uniform or specific to the person
specific to the person
45
what does pain intolerance depend on
psychological, familial, cultural, environmental factors
46
3 types of pain
cutaneous, deep somatic, visceral
47
cutaneous pain
superficial such as skin and subcutaneous structures
48
cutaneous pain feels like
sharp stabing
49
deep somatic
periosteum, muscles, tendons, joints and blood vessels; radiation may occur
50
visceral has its origin in
visceral organs
51
visceral feels like
cramping
52
referred pain
pain perceived at a site different from its point of origin but innervated by the same spinal segment
53
how are sites of referred pain determined by
embryologically and where the structure originated from
54
you might get liver and lung/diaphragm pain where
shoulders
55
which will require less medications acute or chronic
acute
56
less medication is needed when the drug is given before pain becomes
severe and pathways are sensitized
57
chronic is classified as
abnormal lengths of pain, greater than 6 months
58
some examples of chronic pain
back pain, sickle cell pain, migraine, cancer, neuropathy
59
neuropathic pain presents as
burning, numbness, tingling, touch, sensitivity, sharp and shooting sensations
60
who might develop neuropathic pains
DM, HIV/AIDS, postherapeutic neuralgia, cancer induced syndrome like chemotherapy neuropathies, and phantom limb pain
61
allodynia and hyperalgesia
greater perception of pain in higher centers
62
neuropathic pain is caused by
lesions
63
percent of amputees that experience phantom pain
70%
64
10% of caucasians do not have the enzyme to metabolize codeine which leads to
all the symptoms like nausea and vomiting but no pain relief
65
can we or can we not do placebos
cannot
66
why can we not do placebos anymore
not ethical, harms relationship with patient and nurse
67
what are some examples that can lead to pain relief
foot/hand massages and music
68
is cancer pain chronic or acute
chronic
69
NSAIDS decrease the sensitivity of blood vessels to ___________ and __________ and the result is reverse vasodilatation and decrease the release of inflammatory mediators
bradykinin, histamine
70
what enzyme do ASA and NSAIDS inhibit for the process of prostaglandins
cycloxygenase
71
prostaglandins affect sensation of pain by sensitizing __________ to chemical mediators such as bradykinin and histamine
nociceptors
72
adjutant pain medications help what medication work better
opiods
73
examples of adjuvant pain medications
tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids
74
anticonvulsants supress
spontantous neuronal firing
75
corticosteroids help with
inflammation
76
what is the acupressure spot on the hand called
L4
77
pain pathways are developed and functional by the
last trimester of pregnancy
78
for infants and noncommunicating children ____________ symptoms must be used for assessment
physiological
79
older adults do not tell when their are in pain because they believe the pain comes with being older but actually
pain does not come from being odler
80
children experience and remember
pain
81
can you give a child opiods
yes
82
3 types of classifications of headaches
primary headaches, headaches secondary to other medical conditions, cranial neuralgias and facial pain
83
migraine headache affects mainly men or women
women
84
migraine patients could or could not present with this prior to getting the migrane
aura
85
migrane could be caused by what factors
genetic, enviromental
86
migrane activation of the ___________ system, _________ spreading depression, distinct activity of brainstem nuceli
trigeminal, cortical
87
migraine may present with what 2 phobias
photophobia, phonophobia
88
photophobia
light
89
phonophobia
noise
90
diagnosis: when any two symptoms occur
unilateral head pain (whole head), pulsating pain, pain worsening with activity, moderate or severe pain
91
fever results from _________ induced increase in the set point of thermostatic center in _______________
cytokine, hypothalamus
92
fever non specific response mediated by ____________ _________ released from host cells in response to infectious or non infectious disorder
endogenous pyrogens
93
fever normally presents with _____cardia
tachy
94
two types of fever that will cause bradycardia
legionnaire and drug fever
95
what age group will have same heart rate with a fever
elderly
96
in elderly slight elevations in temp may indicate
serious infection

Pathophysiology (44 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions