Chapter 17 Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
________ are ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to aid in homeostasis
A
Endocrine glands
2
Q
______ are chemical messengers that initiate a change in a target cell
A
hormones
3
Q
_________ have specific receptors for specific hormones
A
target cells
4
Q
Similarities of Nervous vs Endocrine
A
- Both respond to stimuli by releasing a ligand (neurotransmitter, hormone)
- The ligands bind receptors on target cells causing a cellular response
5
Q
Differences of Nervous vs Endocrine
A
- NS controls a specific location in the body by way of the neuron while ES releases hormone into the bloodstream thus causing a widespread response throughout body
- NS effect is rapid and short lived while the ES has a long response time and long lasting effect
6
Q
A function of the endocrine is regulating development, growth, and metabolism. Through cell division and _____ (during growth) and both anabolic and catabolic processes.
A
differentiation
7
Q
A function of the endocrine system is maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume. Regulation of blood glucose, _____, ions (Na+, K+, etc) as well as the formed elements.
A
amino acids
8
Q
A function of the endocrine system is controlling digestive process that influence ______ and movement.
A
secretory processes
9
Q
An endocrine function is controlling reproductive activities that affect development, function, and ____.
A
sexual behaviors.
10
Q
Endocrine tissue and gland are both composed of _____ tissue that release hormones, supported by a ____ tissue framework.
A
epithelial tissue
connective
11
Q
Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands are all.
A
endocrine organs
12
Q
single organ, entirely endocrine in function
A
endocrine organs
13
Q
secretory cells housed in small clusters within organ that have some other primary functions
A
endocrine tissues
14
Q
hypothalamus, skin, thyums, heart, liver, stomach, pancreas, small intestines, adipose tissue, kidneys and gonads
A
endocrine tissues
15
Q
3 steps of hormone synthesis and release
A
- hormonal stimulation
- humoral stimulation
- nervous system stimulation
16
Q
the release of hormone in response to another hormone
A
hormonal stimulation
17
Q
the release of hormone in response to changes in a level of nutrient or ion in the blood
A
humoral stimulation
18
Q
the release of the hormone in response to stimulation by the nervous system.
A
nervous system stimulation
19
Q
physiological effects a result of hormone blood concentrations
A
blood hormone regulation
20
Q
Two factors that influence blood hormone concentration
A
hormone synthesis
hormone elimination
21
Q
amount of time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration within the blood to one half of what had originally been secreted
A
half life
22
Q
Hormones are grouped according to ____.
A
chemical structures
23
Q
Three general categories of hormones
A
steroids
biogenic amines
proteins
24
Q
____ are water soluble and the most common type of hormones
A
proteins
25
Hormone elimination can happen in 2 different ways; via enzymatic degradation (liver) and removal from blood through ________
excretion by kidneys or uptake by target cells.
26
Water-soluable hormones have a ____ half-life.
short (few minutes or less)
27
____ have the longest half-life.
steroids
28
_____ (a steroid) can last up to ____ days.
testosterone
| 12
29
_____ are lipid-soluble molecules synthesized from cholesterol.
steroids
30
_____ are water-soluble (except thyroid hormones), modified amino acids also called monoamines.
biogenic amines
31
estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, corticosteroids (cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
types of steroids
32
catecholamine's (epi and nor-epi), thyroid hormones and melatnonin (pineal)
types of biogenic amines
33
formed from cholesterol
steroids
34
derived from amino acid that is modified.
biogenic amines
35
_____ are signaling molecules that do not circulate within blood.
local hormones
36
____ are the primary local hormone.
eicosanoids
37
Three types of ____ are: prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
eicosanoids
38
______ are the most diverse ______, stimulate pain receptors, reduce fever, and increase inflammatory response.
Prostaglandins are the most diverse Eicosandoid
39
Aspirin, ibuprofen and other NSAIDs block the formation of _____.
prostaglandins
40
hormone works on the same cell secreted from
autocrine stimulation
41
hormone works on neighboring cell to secretory cell
paracrine stimulation
42
What three things can stimulate hormone release?
another hormone
changes in an ion concentration
nervous stimulation
43
What are the three types of hormones?
steroids
biogenic amines
proteins
44
What is a local hormone?
One that doesn't release into the blood but instead works on local cells
45
Lipid soluble hormones require _____ carrier proteins synthesized by the liver.
water-soluble carrier proteins
46
Carrier proteins can be ___ or ____.
specific (thyroxine-binding) or
| nonselective (albumin)
47
Lipid soluble hormones
steroids
calcitriol
thyroid hormone (TH)
48
Water soluble amines
```
proteins
biogenic amines (except TH)
```
49
About ___ or lipid soluble hormones that are unbound are able to exit the blood and bind receptors of target organs.
1 - 10%
50
About ____ lipid soluble hormones are bound, readily available source to maintain homeostasis.
90-99%
51
_____ hormones do not require carrier proteins.
water-soluble hormones
52
Lipid soluble hormones are ___, ____ molecules that are lipophilic.
small
| nonpolar
53
Lipid soluble hormones diffuse ____ through plasma membrane.
directly
54
Lipid soluble hormones bind receptors within the cytosol/nucleus of the cell to form a ______. They then bind sections of DNA called ______, which causes the transcription of a specific mRNA and thus the synthesis of a specific protein. This results in either an alteration in cell structure (growth) or a shift in the cell's metabolic activities (if the new protein is an _____)
hormone-receptor complex (HRC)
hormone-response elements (HRE)
enzyme
55
Water soluble hormones are ____ molecules, unable to ____.
polar
| unable to cross the plasma membrane.
56
Water soluble hormones must bind receptors on the plasma membrane to initiate a series of biochemical events within the cell, which is called _____.
signal transduction
57
The first messenger in _____ is the signalling molecule (hormone) which causes the formation of the second messenger.
signal transduction
58
The second messenger of signal transduction is a molecule that ____ cellular activity.
modifies
59
Signal transduction starts with the activation of a ____ protein.
G
60
REVIEW SLIDE SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
!
61
Why does a lipid-soluble hormone need a carrier proteins within the blood?
A lipid soluble hormone is non polar which does not mix with the polar nature of the blood plasma.
62
Lipid soluble hormones cause what to occur?
the transcription of a specific mRNA and thus the synthesis of a specific protein
63
A water soluble hormone is considered a ____ messenger.
first
64
Activated G proteins can then activate what two other plasma proteins?
Adenylate cyclase
| phopholipase C
65
Adenylate cyclase activates cAMP which then activates ___.
protein kinase A
66
Phospholipase C splits PIP2 into
DAG
| IP3
67
The pituitary gland also called the hypophysis is located ___ to the hypothalamus but is connected by way of the ____.
inferior
| infundibulum
68
The pituitary gland consists of ___ lobes and can be found within the sella turcica.
two
69
The posterior pituitary gland is also called the ____,
neurohypophysis
70
Posterior pituitary gland is composed of the ____ and pars nervosa.
infundibulum
71
The posterior pituitary gland makes up about 1/4 of the pituitary ___.
mass.
72
Axons extend through the hypothalamo - hypophyseal tract from the hypothalamus to the ______.
pars nervousa.
73
The posterior pituitary gland has two hypothalamic nuclei; paraventricular and the ____.
supraoptic
74
Most of the pitutitary mass is called the ____.
adenohypophysis
75
There are three distinct areas of the anterior pituitary gland _______, ________, _______.
pars distalis
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia
76
Hormones produced in _____ cells (neuronal cell body clusters) of the hypothlamus: paraventricular nucleus - oxytocin and supraoptic nucleus - ____.
neurosecretory cells
| ADH
77
Hormones are stored in vesicles within the synaptic knobs of the neurons located in the ____. hormones are released into blood when nerve signal is sent from the ____.
posterior pituitary
| hypothalamus
78
____ stimulates contraction of smooth muscles within uterus during delivery and breast during infant nursing.
oxytocin
79
_____ stimulates kidneys to decrease urine output, thirst centers to increase fluid intake and vasoconstriction if released in high enough doses.
ADH (vasopressin)
80
_____ hormones stimulate the production and secretion of specific AP hormones.
releasing hormones (RHs)
81
Releasing Hormones of the AP
```
thyrotropin TRH
prolactin PRH
gonadotropin GnRH
corticoropic CRH
growth hormone GHRH
```
82
______ hormones decrease the production and secretion of specific AP hormones.
inhibiting hormones (IHs)
83
Inhibiting hormones of the AP
prolactin PRL
growth hormone GHIH
* only two that have inhibiting hormones
84
All AP hormones are _____ hormones (except prolactin). They stimulate other endocrine glands/cells to release their hormones.
tropic
85
Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands/cells to release their hormones.
tropic hormones
86
The hypothalamus can be stimulated by:
```
age
time of day
nutrient level
stress
excerices to release GHRH which causes release of GH from AP
```
87
______, Growth hormone primary target, release insulin like growth factors (IGFs).
hepatocytes
88
IGFs similar to growth hormone but create a greater response due to having a greater _____.
half life 20 hours vs 20 minutes
89
Increased levels of growth hormone and IGF blood concentrations stimulate the ______ to release GHIH and inhibit the release of GHRH as well as ____ from the AP.
hypothalamus
| GH
90
All body cells have receptors for GH and ____.
IGF.
91
GH and IGF both activate ______.
second messengers
92
GH and IGF activating second messengers causes increased protein synthesis, increased cellular division, and or ______.
cell differentiation
93
Growth hormone causes hepatocytes to stimulate to increase ______.
blood glucose levels.
94
Adipocytes are stimulated by the growth hormone to increase ____.
lipolysis
95
What is the hypothalamo-hyphyseal tract?
the axons from the hypothalamus to the pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary
96
The hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary are synthesized where?
In the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
97
Of the 6 hormones released from the anterior pituitary, how many are stimulated to be released due to a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus?
all six
98
What is a tropic hormone
a hormone that stimulates the release of another hormone
99
What does IGF stand for? Where are they synthesized? Why are they stronger than growth hormones?
Insulin-like growth factor; in the liver; because they have a longer halft live
100
Largest endocrine structure in the body?
thyroid gland
101
The thyroid gland is composed of microscopic structures called _____.
thyroid follicles
102
Thyroid follicles contain a ___ (protein rich fluid) surrounded by follicular cells.
colloid
103
______ cells found between follicles of thyroid and release calcitonin.
parafollicular cells
104
_____ is a hormone that decreases blood calcium levels.
calcitonin
105
Follicular cells produce a glycoprotein called _____ which is secreted and stored within the colloid.
thyroglobin (TGB)
106
Within the colloid of a follicular cells thyroglobin (TGB) binds with ____ and forms DIT and MIT which are _______.
iodine
| thyroid hormone precursors
107
When thyroid hormone is needed, DIT and MIT are taken from the colloid by the _____ and with the aid of a _____, form into the active forms of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) which are then released into the blood stream.
follicular cell
| lysosome
108
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis
LIST
109
Thyroid hormone (TH) ___ protein synthesis, in all cells, especially ____.
increases
| neurons
110
Thyroid hormone (TH) ____ production of Na+/K+ pumps (action of ____ pumps generates heat).
increases
| more
111
_____ is the increase of heat production of the body, as by the thyroid hormone.
calorigenic effect
112
Thyroid hormone (TH) stimulates hepatocytes (liver cells) to _____ blood glucose levels.
increase
113
Thyroid hormone (TH) stimulates adipocytes (fat cells) to ____ lipolysis.
increase
114
Thyroid hormone (TH) increases respiratory rate, ______, and _____.
heart rate and stroke volume
115
What is thyroglobin?
a glycoprotein made by the follicular cells and stored in the colloid
116
Once thyroglobin binds iodine it creates _____.
DIT and MIT
117
T3 and T4 are synthesized by the follicular cell with the aid of what organelle?
lysosome
118
What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis?
TRH is released by the hypothalamus ----> which stimulates the release of TSH from the anterior pituitary (AP) ----> which stimulates teh release of TH from the thyroid
119
Thyroid hormone increases protein synthesis in which cells of the body?
all cells especially neurons
120
Adrenal glands are composed of a ____ and ____.
cortex and medulla
121
Adrenal medulla releases _______ (_______) in response to sympathetic nervous system.
catecholamine's (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine)
122
Adrenal cortex syntesizes more than ____ different lipid-soluble corticosteroids.
25
123
The adrenal cortex is divided into what three regions?
zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis
124
The outer layer of the adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa
125
Zona _____ synthesize mineralocorticoids to help regulate the composition and concentration of ___ in the body.
glomerulosa
| ions
126
In the zona glomerulosa, _____, regulates Na+ and K+ concentrations int he blood/body fluids by regulating their secretions from the kidneys.
aldosterone
127
The middle layer of the adrenal cortex
zona fasciculata
128
The zona ____ synthesize glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone.
fasciculata
129
The inner most layer of the adrenal cortex
zona reticularis
130
The zona ____ synthesize gonadocorticoids (sex hormones). Primarily male sex hormones called _____.
reticularis
| androgens
131
Cortisol and corticosterone increase ____ levels in blood in response to ____.
nutrient levels
| stress of injury.
132
Hypothalamus is stimulated by decreased levels of blood cortisol levels thus releasing _____ causing the release of _____ from the pituitary. This causes the release of cortisol and corticosterone (95% cortisol)
CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)
| ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
133
_____ and ____ are inhibited by increased levels of cortisol.
CRH
| ACTH
134
Cortisol is ____ soluble, binds receptors within cytosol causing changes in ___ activation.
lipid
| gene
135
Cortisol stimulates _____ to increase blood glucose levels.
hepatocytes (liver cells)
136
Cortisol stimulates adipocytes to increase ______.
lipolysis
137
Cortisol causes most cells (muscle, lymphatic, skin, bone) to increase _____ as well as decrease glucose uptake.
protein catabolism
138
High does of cortisol increase retention of ____ and ____.
Na+ and H20
139
High doses of cortisol decrease _____.
inflammation
140
High doses of cortisol suppress the _____.
immune system
141
High doses of cortisol inhibit ____ repair.
connective tissue
142
Cortisol causes increased glycogeonlysis and gluconeogenesis and ____ in the liver.
decreased glycogenesis
143
Cortisol causes increased lipolysis on adipose tissue and decreased ____.
lipogenesis
144
General adaptation syndrome is also known as the ____.
stress response
145
____ is the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it.
general adaptation syndrome
146
General adaptation syndrome stressors can be ___ or _____.
emotional or physical
147
Anxiety, anger, fear, and excitement are ______ stressors.
emotional
148
Fever, trauma, hermorrhage, surgery and malnutrition are ____ stressors.
physical
149
The three stages of general adaptation syndrome stages
the alarm reaction
the stage of resistance
the stage of exhaustion
150
The alarm reaction is ____ and regulated by the ____ nervous system.
immediate
| sympathetic
151
During the alarm reaction stage of general adaptation syndrome there is a release of ______.
epinephrine and norepinephrine
152
In the alarm reaction stage of general adaptation syndrome the is increased ____
respiration, blood pressure, etc.
153
The stage of ____ occurs after a few hours in during general adaptation syndrome.
resistance
154
In the stage of resistance of general adaptation syndrome once the glycogen stores are depleted, ____ is released.
cortisol
155
During the stage of resistance of general adaptation syndrome there is an increased level of _____ and protein catabolism
blood glucose levels
156
The stage of _____ occurs after weeks or months in the general adaptation syndrome.
exhaustion
157
During the stage of exhaustion of general adaptation syndrome the ____ are depleted, and the body is weaker.
fat
158
During the stage of exhaustion of the general adaptation syndrome there are increased levels of _____ causing fluid, electrolyte, and pH imbalance.
aldosterone
159
What type of hormone is released by the zona glomerulosa?
mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
160
What type of hormone is released by the zona fasciculata?
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
161
What type of hormone is released by the zona reticularis?
gonadocorticoids (androgens)
162
In most cells, of the body, what is the effect of cortisol release?
protein catabolism and less glucose uptake
163
What are the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome or stress response?
The alarm reaction
The stage of resistance
The stage of exhaustion
164
The pancreas is considered a ____ gland because it has both endocrine and exocrine functions.
heterocrine gland
165
The pancreas's endocrine functions to regulate _____.
blood glucose concentrations
166
Endocrine cells found in pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) account for ____ of the pancreatic volume.
1%
167
What are the two types of pancreatic islet cells?
alpha cells
| beta cells
168
Alpha cells secrete _____.
glucagon.
169
Beta cells secrete _____.
insulin
170
____ is released following food intake.
insulin
171
______ in beta cells detect an increase in blood glucose levels (normal 70-110 mg/dL)
chemoreceptors
172
Insulin is a ____ messenger.
first
173
Insulin stimulates increased _____ in the liver.
glycogenesis (s the process of glycogen synthesis, in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage.)
174
Insulin stimulates _____, removing fatty acids from blood in adipocytes.
increased lipogenesis
175
In most cells, insulin increases the uptake of _____, causing an increase in protein anabolism (especially in muscle cells)
amino acids
176
In most cells, insulin increase in glucose _____ especially in muscle cells and adipocytes. This happens by increasing glucose transport of proteins in the ____.
uptake
| plasma membrane
177
Insulin increases uptake of amino acids, which stimulates _____.
protein anaabolism
178
Insulin causes increased _____ in the liver and decreased _____ and ______.
Increased glycogenesis
Decreased glycogenolysis
decreased glycogeneogenesis
179
Insulin causes increased ____ in the adipose connective tissue and decreased lipolysis.
lipogenesis
180
____ is released in response to low blood glucose levels by alpha cells.
glucagon
181
Glucagon is a ____ messenger that stimulates cAMP.
first
182
Glucagon increases glyconeolysis and glyconeogeneis and decreases ____>
glycogenesis
183
Glucagon increases _____ and decreases lipogenesis in adipocytes.
lipolysis
184
Pineal gland releases _____ which regulates our circadian rhythms.
melatonin
185
Parathyroid glands releases _____ which stimulates release of calcium from bones, kidneys to conserve calcium and stimulate release of calcitriol from kidneys which is needed to absorb ____ from our diet.
PTH
| calcium
186
The thymus releases ____ hormones and participates in _______.
thymic
| T-lymphocyte maturation
187
The heart releases ____ hormone
atrial natriuretic
188
Kidneys release _____.
erythropoietin
189
Liver releases _____.
angiotensinogen
190
Adipose tissue releases ____, that regulates food intake by binding neurons within hypothalamus that control appetite (increases).
leptin
191
Stomach/small intestine: releases _____ to increase stomach activity.
gastrin
192
Stomach/small intestine: releases ____ to stimulate release of liver and pancreatic secretions.
secretin
193
Stomach/small intestine: releases ______ which stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder.
cholecystokinin (CCK)
194
Adipose tissue releases _____.
leptin
195
Adipose tissue releases leptin which regulates food intake by binding neurons within hypothlamaus that control ______.
appetite
| increases
196
The endocrine system regulates the development, growth, and ______
metabolism
197
The endocrine system functions to maintain homeostasis of blood _____.
composition and volume
198
The endocrine system controls _______.
digestive processes
199
The endocrine system controls the ______
reproductive activities
