Final Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
______ is composed of 92% water, plasma proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and wastes.
A
plasma
2
Q
____ make are the most abundant plasma protein.
A
albumins
3
Q
Albumins are made in the ____.
A
liver
4
Q
Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen and Regulatory proteins are types of ______.
A
plasma proteins
5
Q
Gamma-globulins are made in ______.
A
leukocytes
6
Q
______ have the greatest influences on osmotic pressure in plasma because they are the most abundant plasma protein.
A
albumins
7
Q
_____ transport ions, hormones, and some lipids in blood.
A
albumins
8
Q
Alpha and Beta Globulins transport certain _____ molecules and hormones.
A
water insoluble
9
Q
Gamma globulins are also called _______.
A
immunoglobulins (antibodies)
10
Q
_____ globulins are made by leukocytes and play a role in the body’s defenses.
A
Gamma
11
Q
_______ along with other clotting factors is responsible for blood clot formation.
A
fibrinogen
12
Q
What are the three types of formed elements?
A
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets
13
Q
_______ is the percentage of formed elements in the blood.
A
hematocrit
14
Q
______ are formed elements that lack a nucleus and cellular organs; packed with hemoglobin.
A
erthrocytes
15
Q
_______ transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between tissues and lungs.
A
erthyrocytes
16
Q
______ is red-pigmented protein within RBCs.
A
hemoglobin
17
Q
Hemoglobin binds oxygen and _______.
A
carbon dioxide
18
Q
Each hemoglobin molecule is composed of four globins; 2 _____ chains and ____ chains, a heme group, and an iron.
A
4 total = 2 alpha chains & 2 beta chains
19
Q
Blood is ___ when oxygenated.
A
red
20
Q
Blood is ____ when deoxygenated.
A
dark red (almost brown)
21
Q
Old erythrocytes are broken down in the ______.
A
liver/spleen
22
Q
Leukocytes that have visible granules are called ______.
A
granulocytes
23
Q
Leukocytes with smaller granules not visible are called ______.
A
agranulocytes
24
Q
Most numerous of leukocytes in the blood are ______.
A
neutrophils.
25
______ transform into large phagocytic cells called macrophages.
monocytes
26
Which three white blood cells are phagocytic cells?
neutrophils
monocytes
eosinophils
27
List the white blood cells in order of most to least prevalent.
Neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophils, basophils
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
28
______ is the production of formed elements.
Hematopoiesis
29
What are the three formed elements?
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
30
Hematopoiesis occurs in ______.
red bone marrow
31
Erythropoietin (EPO) is not produced in the liver, but the in the ______.
kidneys
32
Erythropoieten is released when there is a ________ oxygen levels.
decrease in blood
33
Erythropoieten is inhibited when an ______ in blood oxygen levels are detected.
increase
34
_______ hormone has an influence on erythropoietin secretion.
testosterone
35
All _______ stem from myeloid stem cells.
Leukocytes
36
Erythrocytes, _____, granulocytes, and _______ stem from myeloid stem cells.
monocytes? mabye one more
37
B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells are formed from _______.
lymphoid stem cells
38
What cell resides in the bone marrow and loses pieces of its cytoplasm to form platelets?
megakaryocytes ?
39
The three stages of hemostasis (stoppage of bleeding)
Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation phase
40
Forming a clot?
?
41
What do the chemicals released by platelets do?
vascular spasms
attract more platelets
stimulate the third phase of blood clotting
stimulate replication of necessary cells.
42
What are the 3 phases of hemostasis?
vascular spasms
platelets plug formation
coagulation phase
43
_____ pathway is initiated by damage to the inside of the vessel.
intrinsic
44
_____ pathway is initiated by damage to the outside of the cell.
extrinsic
45
Clot retraction includes platelets squeezing ______ out of developing clots causing clots to become smaller as vessel walls are pulled closer together.
serum
46
Universal blood donor?
O-
47
Universal blood recipient?
AB+
48
Which antigen is responsible for the Rh blood group?
D
49
Do we naturally produce antibodies in the Rh blood group?
No, they are acquired
50
The blood coming into the right side of the heart is _____ blood.
deoxygenated (comes from body and goes to lungs)
51
The right AV valve is called the ______.
tricuspid valve
52
The left AV valve is called the ________.
bicuspid or mitral valve
53
The _______ valves sit between the atria and ventricles of each side of the heart.
atrioventricular valves (AV)
54
The chordae tendineae are connected to the _______.
AV valves
55
The _______ pericardium is the outermost layer of the heart.
fibrous
56
The fibrous pericardium is made of ________ connective tissue.
dense irregular
57
The fibrous pericardium anchors the heart in the thoracic cavity and prevents _______.
over expansion of chambers
58
The three layers of the heart.
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
59
The middle layer of the heart wall is called the ______.
Myocardium
60
The myocardium is the ____ layer of the heart wall.
thickest
61
The myocardium is made of _______ muscle and contains intercalated discs.
cardiac
62
The outermost layer of the heart is called the epicardium. What is another name for this layer?
visceral pericardium
63
What structure of the heart acts as an electric insulator by preventing ventricles from contracting at the same time as the atria?
fibrous skeleton
64
______ node initiates heart beat.
Sinoatrial (SA) node
65
Is commonly referred to as the pacemaker.
sinoatrial (SA) node
66
_____ cells are found within the SA node (pacemaker cells)
nodal cells
67
Nodal cells initiate heartbeat by ________ depolarizing to generate an action potential
spontaneously
68
The RMP of nodal cells is ________.
-60mV
69
How are myocytes different than nodal cells?
RMP is -90mV instead of -60mV and the Ca++ channels are slow in myoctes but fast in nodal cells
70
Can cardiac muscle cells achieve tetany?
no
71
Systole is _____ of the heart chamber, increasing pressure within heart chamber.
contraction
72
Diastole is _____ of the heart chamber, decreases pressure within the heart chamber.
relaxation
73
_____ is the max blood volume within ventricles before ventricular contraction (systole)
EDV
| End diastolic volume
74
The ________ is when the atria relax, ventricles contract causing no movement of blood.
isovolumetric contraction
75
What division of the autonomic system not only changes heart rate, but also increases the strength of the contraction?
sympathetic
76
______ is an increase in CO2 above resting level.
Cardiac reserve
| CR = CO exercising - CO resting
77
_____ measures the level and duration of physical effort an individual can engage in.
Cardiac reserve
78
______ is the volume of blood ejected per heart beat.
stroke volume
79
The stroke volume is dependent upon volume of blood that enters the heart (EDV) and how much is _____ (ESV).
ejected
80
_____ is the resistance in arteries to ejection of blood from heart.
afterload
81
_______ states as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, there is a greater stretch of the heart wall, resulting in greater overlapping of the thick and thin filaments in the sarcomeres, allowing for a greater number of cross-bridge formation, causing more forceful ventricular contraction (thus an increased stroke volume)
Frank Starling Law
82
_____ have a larger lumen and contain valves.
veins
83
Arteries can withstand a _____ range of blood pressure than veins.
higher
| 40-100 vs 0-20
84
_______ is an alternative pathway with blood flow through two capillary beds connected by a portal vein i.e. liver.
portal system
85
The largest arteries are called _____ arteries.
elastic
86
Most common type of capillaries are called ______.
continuous
87
_____ play a significant role in blood pressure regulation and blood flow.
arterioles
88
Fenestrated capillaries are found in the ______, endocrine glands, choroid plexus, ciliary process of eyes and small intestines.
kidneys!
89
_____ is the joining together of blood vessels.
anastomoses
90
Due to lungs not being functional, blood pressure in the ____ side of the heart is greater than the _____ side of the heart.
right side
| left side
91
The larger the cross sectional area of a vessel, the _______ blood pressure (velocity)
lower
92
________ is the movement of fluid, by bulk flow out of the capillary and into the interstitial fluid (occurs on the arterial end of capillary)
filtration
93
______ is the movement of fluid, by bulk flow, into the blood from the intestitial fluid (occurs on venous end of capillary)
reabsorption
94
What cell resides in the bone marrow and loses pieces of its cytoplasm to form platelets?
megakaryocytes
95
Filtration is the movement of fluid and ions _____ of the blood.
out
96
Reabsorption is the movement of fluid and ions ____ the blood.
into
97
_____ is the average measure of the blood pressure forces on the arteries.
Mean Arterial pressure (MAP)
98
MAP equation
Diastolic BP + 1/3 Pulse Pressure
1/3 pulse pressure = (systolic - diastolic)/3
99
What does pulse pressure measure?
the elasticity and recoil of the arteries
100
The diaphragm _____ as we inhale expanding the thoracic cavity, which causes a _____ in the intracthoracic pressure allowing blood vessels to open.
contracts
| decrease
101
Flattening of the diaphragm compresses the abdominopelvic cavity _______ intra-abdominal pressure. This squeezes the abdominal vessels, moving the blood up to the throacic cavity.
increasing
102
_______ is the amount of friction the blood experiences as it is transported through the blood vessels.
peripheral resistance
103
The diaphragm as we exhale _____ compressing the throracic cavity. This causes intrathoracic pressure to _____, compressing the vena cava to empty into the heart. Abdominopelvic cavity expands, ____ intra-abdominal pressure.
relaxes
increase
decreasing
104
_____ are sensory receptors that responds to stretch.
baroreceptors
105
Chemoreceptors are stimulated by:
increased CO2 levels
decreased pH levels
or very low O2 levels
106
The two main chemoreceptors are the aortic bodies located in the arch of the aorta and the _____
cartoid body
107
Angiotensin is produced in the _____.
liver
108
Angiotensin II, aldosterone and ______ decrease urine output.
ADH
109
Which hormone increases urine output?
ANP
110
What is needed to convert agiotensignogen into angiotensin I?
Renin which is produced in the kidneys
111
The largest lymphatic organ is?
spleen
112
_____ is the amount of time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration within the blood to one half of what had originally been secreted.
half life
113
______ stimulation is when a hormone works on same cell secreted from.
autocrine
114
Hormone release is stimulated by another hormone, changes in an ion concentration and _______.
nervous stimulation
115
Lipid soluable hormones require _____ carrier proteins synthesized in the liver.
water soluble
116
_____ % of lipid soluble hormones are bound and readily available source to maintain homeostasis.
90-99%
117
_____ hormones do not require carrier proteins.
water soluble
118
What are the three types of hormones?
steroids
proteins
biogenic amines
119
A ______ hormone is one that doesn't release into the blood but instead works on local cells.
local hormone
120
_____ hormones bind receptors within the cytosol/nucleus of the cell to from a hormone-receptor complex (HRC)
lipid soluble hormone
121
Once HRCs are formed they bind sections of DNA called ____.
hormone response elements (HREs)
122
Once HRE are formed this causes _____ of a specific mRNA and thus the synthesis of a specific protein.
transcription
123
Transcritption of a specific mRNA leading to the synthesis of a specific protein results in either an _______ or a shift in the cell's metabolic activities (if this new protein in an enzyme)
alteration in cell structure (such as growth)
124
In signal transduction, the first messenger is always a ________ signalling molecule which causes the formation of a second messenger.
water soluble hormone
125
Signal transduction starts with the activation of a _____.
G protein
126
Activated G protein will stimulate one of two different pathways: _________ or phospholipase C.
adenlate cyclase
127
In the phospholipase C pathway, activated G protein binds another plasma membrane protein called ______.
phopholipase C
128
Phospholipase C splits PIP2 into two messengers: ________ and IP3.
DAG
129
follicular cells/iodine/throglobin
?
130
______ is an insulin like growth factor.
IGF
131
IGFs are produced and released from ___ because GH stimulation.
hepatocytes in the liver
132
Why are IGF's stronger than growth hormones?
they have a longer half life
133
IGFs pr
?
134
The largest endocrine structure in the body is _____
the thyrodi
135
Follicular cells (thyroid) produce a glycoproteins called thyroglobin whichis screated and stored within the colloid. There is binds with _____ and forms into DIT and MIT (thyroid hormone precuresors)
iodine
136
Hypothatlmic-pituitary axis
TRH released by hypothlamus
release of TSH from AP
TH's from thyroid
137
Thyroid hormone increases protein synthesis in which cells of the body?
all cells especially neurons
138
_____ acts as a blood reservoir and storage site for both erythorocytes and platelets.
spllen
139
Phagocytosis of old defective erthrocyes and platelets from ciruculation is the function of the ______ .
spleen
140
The ____ completes phagocytosis of bacteria and other foreign material in the blood as part of the body's defense.
spleen
141
Thyroid hormones increase production of Na/K pumps. The action of more pumps generating heat is called the_____.
calorigenic effect
| increases body temperature!
142
The primary lympatic structures are involved in the formation and _____ of lymphocytes.
maturation (red bone marrow and thymus)
143
Secondary structures in the lymphatic system serve to ____ both lymphocytes and other immune cells following their formation
house
144
The thymulin hormone is secreted by the ______ in the T lymph.
thymus
145
_____ is found in the lymph small intestines (payer patches) nodes, spleen, tonsils, and lymphatic nodes.
MALT
146
______ immunity is an immediate response to wide array of substances.
innate
147
____ provide a non specific defense against viral infections.
interferons
148
IL, TNF, CSF, IFN are ____.
cytokines
149
_____ are cell adhesion molecules that stimulate inflammation in the 2nd step.
CAMs
150
An antibody contains a variable region that contains antigen binding sites and a constant region that determines the _____.
biological function of the antibody
151
Immunity acquired from the mothers breast milk is passive and ____.
natural
152
body comp fluid levels
?
