FINAL FINAL Flashcards
1
Q
Gonads produce ______ which create new individuals when merged.
A
gametes
2
Q
The female gamete is an _______.
A
oocyte
3
Q
The male gamete is a _____.
A
sperm
4
Q
_____ is when primordial follicles regress from 1.5 million –> 400,000.
A
Atresia
5
Q
Spermatids are formed in ______.
A
Spermiogenesis
6
Q
The ____ of sperm contains mitochondria necessary for energy production and a centriole.
A
midpiece (neck)
7
Q
_______ stimulation is needed for an erection and ______ is needed for ejaculation.
A
parasympathetic
sympathetic
8
Q
Prostrate enlargement occurs with age and can interferes with ______ and ______ functions.
A
sexual and urinary
9
Q
_____ follicles are surrounded by thecal cells which secrete androgens needed to make estrogen.
A
primordial
10
Q
At the end of the pre-embryonic period a ______ is left.
A
blastocyst
11
Q
In the pre-embryonic stage it begins with fertilization which leads to a ______, then to a blastocyst.
A
zygote
12
Q
A _____ is formed when the zona pellucida starts to degenerate allowing fluid to enter the morula forming a fluid filled cavity.
A
blastocyst
13
Q
The two distinct component of a blastocyst?
A
trophoblast and embryoblast
14
Q
_____ is responsible for relaxation of ligamentous joints such as sacroiliac joins and pubic symphysis.
A
estrogen
15
Q
____ is responsible for functional layer growth and prevention of menstruation
A
progesterone
16
Q
Fetal blood and maternal blood ___, but bloodstreams so are so close they allow for the exchanges of gases and nutrients.
A
do not mix unless something goes wrong
17
Q
Left and right sides of the embryo curve and migrate toward the midline during ______
A
transverse folding
18
Q
_____ are contractions (braxton-hicks) are not strong enough to results in the three stages of True labor.
A
false labor
19
Q
Labor is also known as ________.
A
parturition
20
Q
Increased levels of progesterone lead to an increase in breathing rate, increasing the mothers ______
A
oxygen consumption
21
Q
____ is the establishment of primary germ layers by the epiblast.
A
gastrulation
22
Q
______ is when uterine contractions that increase in intensity and regulatory and that results in changes to the cervix
A
true labor
23
Q
The _____ causes the mother to metabolize more fatty acids, saving glucose for the fetus.
A
HPL
24
Q
______ are hormone like substances released from seminal vesicles that promotes widening and dilation of external os of cervix
A
prostaglandins
25
Labor - positive feedback
Positive feedback mechanism
Contractions intensify causing fetus’s head to push against the cervix
This stimulates the stretching and dilation of the cervix
This stimulates the release of more oxytocin
Contractions also stimulate the placenta to secrete more prostaglandins
End of positive feedback is when the fetus and placenta are expelled from the body
26
True labor has three stages:
dilation, expulsion, placental
27
The longest of the three stages of true labor.
dilation stage
28
During the ____ stage the amniotic sac releases the amniotic fluid (water breaking)
dilation stage
29
The three primary germ layers
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
30
The pituitary gland is made by the _____.
ectoderm
31
At the end of the 1st trimester the mother is carrying a ______.
festus
32
A series of mitotic divisions resulting in an increase in cell number, but not an increase in the overall size of the structure is called ______.
cleavage
33
At the 16-cell stage (4 divisions) the zygote is called a _____ and enters the ______ of the uterus.
morula
| lumen
34
The left ventricular wall is thicker than the right ventricular wall because ________.
pump blood with greater pressure
35
If the vagal nerve to the heart was cut what would happen?
It would cause a increase in heart rate
36
vagal tone
?
37
Which does NOT help maintain lymph flow?
a. smooth muscle contraction
b. breathing
c. beating cilia against pseudostratified epithelium
c. skeleton muscle contraction
beating cilia against pseudostratified epithelium
38
The presence of fatty chyme in the small intestines in the small intestines stimulates it to release ______ to release _________.
a. gastrin/ liver
b. cck / gallblader secretion
c. secretin / stomach secretion
d. cck / pancreatic secretion
B. CCK/gallbladder secretion
39
An actively contracting muscle will produce acid molecules lowering pH causing hemoglobin to release _______ oxygen.
more oxygen and the curve will shift to the right
40
Oxygen Saturation curve
?
41
The stomach lining is protected from stomach acid by the ________.
a. bicarbonate layer
b. gap junctions
bicarbonate layer
42
Negative feedback inhibition occurs when :
TH to AP
43
The zona glomerulsa of the adrenal cortex helps to regulate:
salt/water balance (aldosterone)
44
Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to _______.
upregulate receptors to increase sensitivity
45
To compensate for significant blood loss the ANS triggers ________.
vasoconstriciton and an increased heart rate
46
How are NA levels and BP related?
increased NA levels, cause increased blood volume, increase BP
47
The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends mostly on the permability properties of the ______.
loop of henle (nephron loop)
48
Insulin glucose curve
?
| Chris secreted less insulin or his insulin has less effect
49
Which structure in the heart gives rise to this electrical area on the action potential curve (plateau)?
VG calcium in
VG potassium out
balancing each other = plateau
50
Which is an example of a positive feedback loop?
Opening NA channel causing more ions to flow in channels MORE MORE MORE
51
Which would happen to a women that lacked thecal cells?
sterility
52
The organ involved in reducing the chances of autoimmune disorder?
thymus
53
When someone loses a lot of blood they tend to not urinate for a few days because. _________.
Glomerular BP decreased
54
After eating too much it can be hard to breath because _______.
full stomach impedes diaphragm contraction
55
Influence blood pressure:
excessive rbc production would increase blood pressure
56
Increased release in both glucose and fatty acid are not caused by ______.
PTH - only influences calcium release
57
Release of breast milk occurs when ______ cause _______ contract.
oxytocin causes the release
| contracts myoepitheal cells?
58
Not a function of liver:
synthesize chylomicrons - in intestines
59
The lungs do not collapse do not collapse after exhalation because
intrapleural pressure is lower than intrapulmonary
60
When blood becomes more alkaline than normal the renal tubules secrete ______.
bicarbonate and reabsorbing H+ ions
61
If a patient loses a lot of blood the aorta will have less stretch, what will happen?
cardiac output will increase
62
Ovulation occurs when during your 28 day cycle?
day 14
63
What triggers menstruation?
a decrease in all hormone, but especially estrogen and progesterone
64
In the scrotum cools down the testicular artery via the ______.
pampinform plexus
65
______ cells are non dividing support cells that protect developing sperm by creating the blood testis barrier.
sustentacular
66
The flow of sperm
Seminiferous tubules --> rete testis --> efferent ducturles --> epididymis --> vas deferens --> ejaculatory duct --> prostatic urethra
67
Where would you find the intersitial cells and what do they do.
outside of the seminiferous tubules and they make androgens
68
What binds testosterone to keep it in the testis and where does it come from?
ABP, susententacular cells
69
What two muscles within the testis help to move them for optimal temperature?
dartos and cremaster
70
Semen normally contain ______ sperm.
200-500 million
71
______ is needed to neutralize the acidity of the vagina as well as nourish the sperm.
seminal fluid
72
During the ______ phase of female sexual response mammary glands, clitoris, vaginal wall, bulbs of the vetibule and labia become engorged; vestibular glands within vagina produce mucin for lubrication; uterus shifts from anteverted position to more erect position, inferior part of vaginal wall constricts slightly.
excitement phase
73
At the 16 cell stage (4 divisions) the zygote is called a ______. This division takes place within the zona pellucida.
morula
74
During implantation what two layers does the trophoblast divide into?
cytorophoblast and synctiotrophoblast
75
The embryoblast differentiates into what two layers?
hypoblast and epiblast
76
The _____ is formed by both cytotrophoblast cells and synctiotrophoblast (trophoblast)
chorion, which is the fetal layer of the placenta
77
What is the function of relaxin?
promotes blood vessel growth in uterus
78
Estrogen/progesterone/HPL cause _____.
increased insulin resistance
79
___ is produced by the synctiotrophoblast and signals corpus luteum to continue secreting estrogen/progesterone to thicken and maintain uterine lining.
HCG
80
The extraembryonic membrane contains the yolk sac, _____ and chorion.
amnion
81
The _______ develops into the pituitary gland.
ecotderm
82
The placenta secrete HCT, CRH, relaxing, and estrogen/progesterone, but not _____.
HCG
83
What two hormones cause labor to increase?
estrogen and oxytocin
84
Which hormone is responsible for a mothers increase in oxygen consumption?
progesterone
85
True Breast Milk vs Colustrum
```
Breast
more fat
several growth factors
essential fatty acids
specific enzymes for digestion
more lactose
```
```
Colustrum
less fat
high in IgA
lower in fat
higher in calcium
```
86
_______ digestion involves specific enzymes to break chemical bonds, making smaller molecules for absorption.
chemical absorption
87
______ digestion is when food is physically broken down. (no chemical changes)
mechanical
88
______ is the alternating contraction sequence causing the pushing of ingested material through the GI tract.
peristalsis
89
______ is the kneading motion within different regions of the GI tract that lack directional movement.
mixing
90
All ____ decidous teeth are lost and relaced with ____ permanent teeth.
20
| 32
91
_____ do not included in the deciduous teeth.
molars
92
ICPM stands for
incisor/ canines/ premolars/ molars
93
This is the dental formula for most children
212/212
94
This is the dental formula for most adults
2123/2123
95
The superior 1/3 of the esophagus is _____.
skeletal muscle fibers
96
The middle 1/3 of the esophagus is ______.
skeletal and smooth muscle
97
The bottom 1/3 of the esophagus is _____.
smooth muscle
98
______ line the stomach lumen and extend into gastric pits. They secrete alkaline product with mucin to prevent ulceration of the stomach lining.
surface mucous cells
99
______ line base of gastric pits into the gastric glands. They produce an acidic mucin to help maintain the secretion of the HCl.
mucous neck cells
100
The ______ reflex is initiated by the thought, smell, sight, or taste of food.
cephalic
101
_____ absorb lipid and lipid-soluble vitamins that can't be absorbed into the bloodstream.
lacteal
102
The ______ absorb water and electrolytes from remaining digestive material.
large intestines
103
Pancreatic ____ digest starch.
amylase
104
Pancreastic ____ digest triglycerides.
lipase
105
______ needed for protein digestion.
inactive proteases
106
____ are needed for digestion of nucleotides.
nucleases
107
_____ is released in response to fat
CCk
108
_____ is released in response to acidic chyme.
secretin
109
Wave of peristalic muscular contraction moves through pylorus toward pyloric sphincter creating a pressure gradient to ______ the spincter.
open
110
Pepsinogen (inactive) is released into the lumen of the GI and converted to _______.
pepsin (active)
111
_____ nutrients must be obtained and absorbed by the digestive system.
essential
112
_____ nutrients are provided by biochemical processes within the boy.
nonessential
113
Glucose is a _____ nutrient.
nonessential
114
Cholesterol is a _____ nutrient.
nonessential
115
____ adds bulk to the GI tract and stimulates peristalsis of LI facilitating defections.
fiber
116
____ nitrogen balance is when more nitrogen is absorbed than is excreted.
positive
| i.e. growth, pregnancy, recovering from injury
117
____ nitrogen balance is when more nitrogen is excreted than absorbed.
negative
| i.e. malnutrition and blood loss
118
Water soluble vitamins
B and C
119
Fat soluble vitamins
KADE
120
Vitamin ___ for blood clotting
K
121
_____ minerals are needed at greater than 100 mg/day.
Major
122
_____ minerals require less and 100 mg/day.
trace
123
_______ provides visual for portions of the types of foods we need.
Myplate
124
The _____ provides the serving sizes for the types of foods we need.
food pyramid
125
In the post absorptive state _____ is released.
glucagon
126
In the absorptive state ____ is released.
insulin
127
_____ soluble levels can reach toxic levels.
fat
128
Insulin stimulate glycogenesis in the liver and _____.
muscles
129
Insulin stimulates _______ and inhibits lipolysis in adipocytes.
lipogenesis
130
Insulin stimulates most cells to increase _____ uptake increasing the rate of protein synthesis.
amino acid
131
Glucagon stimulated glycogenolysis and ______ in liver cells.
gluconeogenesis
132
______ are organic molecules required for normal metabolism.
vitamins
133
_____ are inorganic ions with diverse functions within the body.
minerals
134
Fatty acids are ____ to monoglycerides to re form triglycerides than wrapped in protein to form a chylomicron. Then the chylomicron enters the lacteal.
reattached
135
______ starts chemical digestion of carbohydrates.
salivary amylase
136
_____ is released when food enters the stomach by G cells.
gastrin
137
______ nerve plexus innervates smooth muscle and glands of mucosa as well as submucosa.
submucosal nerve plexus
138
_____ nerve plexus is located between outer longitudinal and inner circular layers.
myenteric nerve plexus
139
The _____ system contains both submucosal and myenteric nerve plexi and are short reflexes.
enteric
140
Retroperitoneal organs: DARP
| outside
duodenum
ascending/descending colon
rectum
pancreas
141
The stomach release ______ which is needed for absorption of vitamin B12.
intrinsic
142
The stomach mechanically digests the contents of the stomach into a semifluid mass called _____.
chyme
143
Chemical digestion of both protein and fat occurs in the _____.
stomach
144
Absorption in the stomach is limited to small, nonpolar substances such as _____.
alcohol and aspirin
145
_____ released when pH of stomach is too low. This inhibits acid secretion by directly affecting parietal, ECL and G cells.
somatostatin
146
Somatostatin ____ HCL release from chief cells.
decreases
147
____ contributes to the breakdown of plant cell walls.
HCL
148
The surface of the small intestine is increased by circular folds, villi, microvilli (brush border), but not _______.
rugae
149
Gastroileal reflex stimulates movement of contents ______.
ileum to cecum
| fesces to rectum????
150
Blood mixes as it passes ____ the hepatic lobules between the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein.
into
151
CCK stimulates smooth muscle in gallbladder wall to cause release of ___.
bile
152
CCk relaxes _______ of hepatopancreatic ampulla.
smooth muscle
153
BMR varies due to
age
lean body mass
sex
levels of various hormones in blood
154
_____ makes you feel full.
leptin
155
_____ makes you feel hungry.
ghrelin
156
_______ induce the release of leptin from stomach lining.
proteins
157
_____ also release leptin.
adipocytes
158
____ contain all essential amino acids.
complete
159
There are ___ essential and ___ nonessential amino acids in the body that makes up proteins.
8 essential
| 12 nonessential
160
_____ is needed for formation/maintenance of the skeleton, muscle contraction, exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and blood clotting.
calcium
161
______ stimulates the release of energy reserves from hepatocytes/adipocytes. (gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis)
growth hormone
162
_______ stimulate the release of energy reserves from hepatocytes/adipocytes.
thyroid hormones
163
_____ stimulates the release of energy reserves from hepatocytes/adipocytes.
cortisol
164
________ converting non-carbohydrates into glucose (type of interconversion).
gluconeogenesis
165
During lipid metabolism, ________, is when fatty acids are broken down to acetyl CoA.
beta oxidation
166
Cholesterol is synthesized into bile salts and released with bile in the _____.
small intestines
167
____ is used as a component of the plasma membrane.
cholesterol
168
A precursor for steroid hormones, bile salts, and vitamin D.
cholesterol
169
_____ can be synthesized by the liver.
cholesterol
170
______ opposes HDL.
VLDL and LDL
171
The only essential fatty acids are?
omega 6 and 3
172
_____ fat has no double bonds
saturated
173
_____ fat has one double bond.
unsaturated
174
_____ fat has two or more double bonds.
polyunsaturated
175
Increased stretch of the myocardium results in an ______ in overlapping of actin and myosin within the sarcomere.
increase
176
______ is when blood flows through two capillary beds connected by a portal vein.
portal system
capillary - portal vein - capillary
177
Due to the lungs not being function, blood pressure in the _____ side of the heart is greater than the _____ side of the heart.
right
| left
178
As total cross sectional area increases, blood velocity _______.
decreases (less pressure)
179
As we inhale, the diaphragm compresses the abdominopelvic cavity _____ intra-abdominal pressure. This squeezes the abdominal vessels, moving the blood up to the _______.
increase
| thoracic cavity
180
_____ is the amount of friction the blood experiences as it is transported through the blood vessels.
peripheral resistance
181
______ is affected by the length of blood vessels and the blood viscosity and radius.
peripheral resistance
182
When bp is elevated urine formation is decreased by Antigotensen II, Aldosterone, and _____.
ADH
| antidiurectic hormone
183
ANP increases ______, but still decreases blood pressure.
urination
184
The body senses increased CO2 within the blood via chemoreceptors , stimulates ________.
carotid bodies
185
The nodal cell RMP is _____.
-60mv
186
The nodal cell threshold is ____.
-40mv
187
With nodal cells _____ causes the action potential to reach threshold.
VG Na+ in
188
With nodal cells _____ causes depolarization.
VG Ca2+ in
189
With nodal cells _____ causes repolarization.
VG K+ out
190
From RMP to threshold is called _____.
pacemaker potential
191
_______ is the amount of blood that is pumped by a single ventricle in 1 minute.
cardiac output
192
HR x SV =
cardiac output
193
An _____ in HR and/or SV increases stroke volume.
increases
194
_______ is the average measure of the blood pressure forces on the arteries.
mean arterial pressure
195
MAP =
Diastolic BP + 1/3(Systolic - Diastolic)
196
110 mm HG or higher is ____ blood flow and causes edema.
too much (MAP)
197
70-110 mm HG is ____ blood flow.
good
198
Below 60 mm HG is ____ blood flow.
insuffscient
199
Skeletal muscle fibers need ______ and nodal cells do not.
stimulation
200
The ____ produces angiotensinogen (inactive) constantly. When the kidneys release renin it converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
liver
201
Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II by ____.
ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)
202
When a coronary artery is narrowed or blocked, nearby arteries can branch out to carry blood to the area that is affected is called _______.
collarteral circulation
203
_______ capillaries allow for small plasma proteins to move between plasma and tissues causing a greater fluid exchange between ______ and intersitital fluid.
fenestrated
| blood
204
_____ are very large vessels that contain blood flow to tunica externa through network of small arteries.
vasa vasorum
205
Blood vessels are only innervated by _____ of ANS.
sympathetic division
206
_______ division influences HR and SV..
sympathetic
207
_____ in the red bone marrow form platelets by allowing extensions of their cytoplasm into the capillaries.
megakaryocytes
208
The _____ coronary artery supplies the left and anterior sections of the heart.
left coronary
209
The ideal blood pH range is ____.
7.35 - 7.45
210
The _____ atrium receives deoxygenated bloom.
right
211
The ______ is the outermost layer of the heart made of dense irregular ct.
fibrous pericardium
212
The fibrous pericardium anchors the heart in the thoracic cavity and prevent ____ of chambers.
overexpansion
213
The ____ contains intercalated discs, desmosomes, and gap junctions.
myocardium
214
The ______ keep the AVs closed when ventricles are contracting.
papillary muscles
215
______ is measured when the atria start to relax and the ventricles start to contract causing no movement of blood.
isovolumetric contaction
216
The ____ zone are the passageways that serve to transport atmospheric air into the lungs. (nose to terminal bronchiole)
conducting
217
____ is protein that increases mucus viscosity and traps dust/dirt/microorgaisms.
mucin
218
_____ is when air is forced past vocal cords during expiration while intrinsic laryngeal muscles narrow (arytenoid cartilages) opening of rima glottidis.
sound production
219
Lateral dimension changes occur due to the elevation and depression of the ______.
rib cage
220
During quiet expiration the intrapulmonary pressure increase because the ______.
recoil of the elastic fibers
221
Ventilation _____ is altered by changes in bronchodilation and constriction.
rates
222
Glomerular ____ occurs due to pressure differences between the glomerulus and glomerular capsule.
filtration
223
______ is the passive movement of water from blood plasma within the glomerular capillaries to capsular space of glemerular capsule.
glomerular filtration
224
With the myogenic response the afferent arteriole vasocontricts causing BP to decrease and vasodilates causing BP to ____increase.
increase
225
_____ is the maximum amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed across the tubule epithelium in a given time period.
transport max
226
With _____ all the nutrients are reabsorbed completely in the PCT.
nutrient reabsorption
227
____ inhibits PO43 reabsorption in the PCT.
PTH
228
PTH stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption in _____.
DCT
229
Individuals with a higher % body fluid correlates to _____.
less fat
230
Nonelectrolytes have less _____with same concentration .
osmotic pressure
231
____ occurs when the arterial blood pH is below 7.35.
acidosis
232
____ occurs when arterial blood pH is above 7.45.
alkalosis
233
_____ acidosis occurs with severe diahrrhea
metabolic
234
metabolic alkalosis occurs with excessive ____>
vomitting
235
_____ (nosebleeds) are common in the respiratory region because the extensive vascular network.
epistaxis
236
Type I, Type II, and Dust cells are types of ______.
alveolar cells
237
_____ determined by length and thickness of vocal cords.
range
238
_____ is determined by amount of tension on vocal folds. (frequency of sound waves)
pitch
239
______ is determined by force of air passing across vocal cords
loudness
240
Boyle's law says if the pressure of the gas decreases, the volume of the container _____.
increases.
241
Intrapulmonary pressure ____ when inhaling.
decreases
242
_________ stimulate breathing when there is an increase in H+, PcO2 or a decrease in PO2 levels.
Peripheral chemoreceptors
243
_______ resistance can be affected by decreased elasticity of lungs, change in bronchiole diameter, or collapse of alveoli
air flow resistance
244
Carbon dioxide transport is dependent on ____ of CO2 being dissolved as bicarbonate in plasma.
70%
245
The kidneys form ______, produce/release EPO, regulate ion levels, filter blood and convert into urine.
calcitriol
246
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure will always be _____ than filtration pressure.
greater ?
247
Net filtration pressure is influenced by increases in the amount of filtrate formed, increase in solutes and water in tubular fluid, increase in urine, and decrease in _____.
filtrate reabsorption
248
____ control of the GFR are external to the kidney and involve nervous or hormonal regulation.
extrinsic
249
Sodium resabsorption involves aldosterone - everything...obligatory ...pumps
?
250
The elimination of drugs and bioactive substance is secreted from blood into the _____.
PCT
251
During micturition, the detrusor muscle ______.
contracts
252
When electrolytes (K+) in intracellular fluid (ICF) than ____.
ECF
253
If there is a fluid imbalance not do to output its due to ____.
fluid sequestration
254
The thirst center is stimulated by the hypothalmus if ______.
bp is decrease, decreased salivary secrtions, increased blood osmolarity
255
An imbalance of ____ is lethal.
K+
256
renin is stimulated in response to low bp and a _____ in everything.
decrease
| sympathetic division
257
increased blood osmolarity initiates ADH so the kidneys increased water reabsorption increases ______ of aquaporins.
number
258
ANP opposes all other hormones in regulating ______.
fluid output
| angiotensin II, ADH, aldosterone
259
Increased PCO2 above 45 in the arteries is caused by ______.
respiratory acidosis
260
The ______ line of defense includes physical barriers, secretions, normal flora, mucus, bacteria also inside tracts of the body.
first line of defense - innate
261
The second line of defense includes neutrophils, macophages, and ____ cells that phagocytize unwanted substances.
dendritc cells
262
The second innate line fo defense includes basophils, mast cells, and ____.
natural killer cells
| maybe not basos
263
A ____ is a membrane attack complex and it pokes a hole in the plasma membrane causing lysis.
MAC
264
_____ is an abnormal elevation of body temp of at least 1.8F caused by pyrogens . At the onset blood vessels to constrict. The pyrogens are targeting the hypothalmus and cause prostaglandins to increase the set point. It ends in _____ when the hypothalmus is no longer stimulated by pyrogens.
fever
| defervescense
265
____ immunity is (cell mediated) when T cells differentiate into T helper cells and cytoxic t cells.
cellular immunity
266
Activation of T cell occurs once T cells bind to its _____.
specific antigen - all answers
267
The FC region is not involved in inflammation.
?
268
The primary response with immunolgoic memmory can take 1-2 weeks for the production of anitbodies, but with a secondary response ____.
1 or 2 days to measure in titer
269
The General adaptation syndrome is also known as the stress response which is a nonspecific response of the body to any ______ made upon it.
demand
270
The stages of the _____ include the alarm reaction (immediate), stage of resistance (few hours), and the stage of exhaustation (weeks or months).
general adaptation syndrome
271
Lymphatic capillaries are interspersed throghout areolar tissue among blood cappilary networks except in the red bone marrow, spleen, and ____.
CNS
272
The _____ surrounds the germinal centers in the lymph nodes and contains t lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells.
mantle zone
273
Hormones released from hypothalamus stimulate all ap, but ____.
growth hormone
