Chapter 23 Flashcards
1
Q
____ are respiratory tracts that move air from atmosphere to alveoli and back.
A
air passageway
2
Q
_______ is where oxygen diffuses from alveoli into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to alveoli.
A
site for oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange
3
Q
The olfactory receptors are located in the superior region of the nasal cavity and are responsible for _____.
A
detection of odors
4
Q
Vocal cords are responsible for sound production and sinuses for sound ____.
A
resonation
5
Q
The _____ zone consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles (nose to end of terminal bronchioles). These structures form a continuous passageway for air to move in and out of the lungs.
A
conducting
6
Q
The ____ zone consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. The area contains structures that participate in gas exchange with the blood.
A
respiratory
7
Q
____ is produced by the mucous and serous glands located in the lamina propria of respiratory mucosa (and goblet cells).
A
mucus
8
Q
4 components of mucus
A
- mucin
- lysozyme
- defensins
- immunoglobins
9
Q
_____ is protein that increases mucus viscosity; which traps more inhaled dust, dirt particles, microorganisms and pollen.
A
mucin
10
Q
____ are the antibacterial enzyme contained in mucus.
A
lysozymes
11
Q
____ are the antimicrobial proteins in mucus.
A
defensins
12
Q
______ are a component of mucus.
A
immunoglobins - IgA
13
Q
____ region contains olfactory epithelium.
A
olfactory region
14
Q
The superior region in the nasal cavity is called the _____ region.
A
olfactory
15
Q
Airborne chemicals dissolve in mucus to simulate ____ receptors in the olfactory region.
A
olfactory
16
Q
_____ region has extensive vascular network.
A
respiratory
17
Q
Because the respiratory region has an extensive vascular network, nosebleeds are common due to the superficial nature, referred to as _____.
A
epistaxis
18
Q
_____ is immediately internal to the nostrils.
A
nasal vestibule
19
Q
The nasal vestibule is immediately internal to nostrils which contain course hairs called ______ to trap large particulates.
A
vibrissae
20
Q
______ are composed of elastic connective tissue which extends from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilages.
A
vocal ligaments
21
Q
Vocal ligaments covered in mucosa form ______.
A
vocal folds
22
Q
____ also extend from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilages, and to the corniculate cartilages.
A
vestibular ligaments
23
Q
Vestibular ligaments covered with mucosa form ______.
A
vestibular folds
24
Q
Skeletal muscles within the larynx cause ____ cartilages to pivot resulting in a change to the dimension of the rim glottides.
A
arytenoid
25
The conducting zone extends from the ____ to the ____.
nose to the terminal bronchioles
26
The respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli are considered part of the ____ zone.
respiratory
27
Nosebleeds occur in what region of the nasal cavity?
respiratory zone
28
_____ receptors can be found in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.
smelling
29
Vocal ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the _____ aril ages.
arytenoid
30
Pivoting of the arytenoid cartilages changes the dimension of the _____.
rima glottidis
31
______ is air forced past vocal cords during expiration while intrinsic laryngeal muscles narrow opening of rims glottidis.
sound production
32
Characteristics of sound include: range, loudness, and ____.
pitch.
33
_____ is determined by length and thickness of vocal folds.
range
34
A range goes from soprano to ____.
bass
35
____ is determined by the amount of tension on vocal folds.
pitch
36
Increased pitch results in an ______ in tension of the vocal folds.
increased
37
The ___ of sound waves determines pitch.
frequency
38
Loudness is determined by force of air passing across _____.
vocal cords
39
Speech requires participation of pharynx, nasal and oral cavities, paranasal sinuses, lips, ______ and ______.
teeth and tongue
40
Two cell types form the alveolar wall; ______ and _______.
type I cell
| type II cell
41
Type I cells are also called ______ cells.
squamous alveolar
42
Type II cells are also called _____.
septal cells
43
_____ cells make up approximately 95% of alveolar surface area.
Type I
44
Type I cells form the thin walls that make the _____.
alveoli.
45
The internal surface of the alveolar walysare moist, making the alveoli prone to ____ due to surface tension.
collapse
46
Type II cells secret ______ surfactant.
pulmonary
47
_____ is oily fluid that coats the inner alveolar surface.
pulmonary surfactant
48
Surfactant molecules tightly pack together during expiration to keep alveoli from ____.
collapsing
49
Alveolar macrophages are also called ____.
dust cells.
50
The alveolar cells include; type I cells, type II cells, and ____.
alveolar macrophages
51
_____ engulf microorganisms or particulate material that reach alveoli.
alveolar macrophages
52
The _____ is a thin barrier that oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across during gas exchange int he lungs.
respiratory membrane
53
The respiratory membrane consists of two _____ that are fused.
basement membranes
54
One basement membrane of the respiratory membrane consists of ________.
alveolar epithelium
55
One basement membrane of the respiratory membrane consists of ______.
capillary endothelium
56
The _____ conducts blood to and from the alveoli within the lungs to replenish oxygen level and get rid of carbon dioxide.
pulmonary circulation
57
The pulmonary circuit contains the pulmonary trunk, arteries, and ____.
veins
58
The pulmonary circuit starts from the right ventricle of the heart and ends at the _______.
left atrium of the heart.
59
Bronchial circulation is a component of the ____ circuit that transports oxygenated blood to the tissues of the lungs.
systemic
60
Bronchial arteries branch from the _____.
descending thoracic aorta
61
Bronchial veins drain into _____.
superior vena cava
62
Some of the oxygenated blood drains into pulmonary veins, thus blood exiting lungs is slightly less oxygenated than the blood immediately leaving get the ______.
pulmonary capillaries
63
What type of alveolar cells secretes surfactant to keep lungs from collapsing?
type II
64
What is the difference between the pulmonary and bronchial circulations to the lungs?
Pulmonary circulation is taking oxygen poor blood to and from the lungs for gas exchange between blood and atmosphere.
Bronchial circulation is taking oxygen rich blood to tissue of lungs where blood returns oxygen poor to the superior vena cava or mixes with blood in the pulmonary veins heading back to the heart.
65
Lung inflation occurs due to expanding properties of the chest wall and because of the _______.
recoiling properties of the lungs
66
Surface tension caused by serous fluid within the pleural cavity causes lungs to 'cling' to the internal surface of the chest wall causing _____.
chest wall expantion
67
Elastic fibers within lungs are stretched when lungs expand, but naturally want to ____ pulling the lungs back in.
recoil
68
______ is generated due to suction action of surface tension and recoiling elastic fibers.
Intrapleural pressue
69
____ (within lungs) is greater than intrapleural pressure.
Intrapulmonary pressure
70
___ pressure keeps lungs inflated.
intrapulmonary
71
______ is also referred to as breathing.
pulmonary ventilation
72
______ is the movement of respiratory gases between atmosphere and alveoli of lungs.
pulmonary ventilation
73
______ exchange of respiratory gases between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.
external respiration
74
_____ is the transport of respiratory gases within the blood between the lungs and systemic cells of the body.
gas transport
75
______ is the exchange of respiratory gases between the blood in the systemic capillaries and the systemic cells of the body.
internal respiration
76
The first four steps of the respiratory process involve the movement of ____ and the last four steps of the respiratory process involve the movement of ____.
oxygen
| carbon dioxide
77
The 1st four steps of the respiratory process
1. breath in air containing O2
2. O2 moves into the blood
3. Blood containing O2
4. O2 moves into systemic cells
78
The last four steps of the respiratory process
5. CO2 moves into blood
6. Blood containing CO2
7. CO2 moves into the alveoli
8. Air containing CO2
79
_____ dimension changes as a result of movement of the diaphragm.
vertical
80
_____ dimension changes occur when rib cage is elevated or visa versa, rib cage depresses.
lateral
81
_____ dimension changes occur as inferior portion of the sternum moves anteriorly, or posteriorly.
anterior-posterior
82
Thoracic cavity dimensions change because of ______ and _______.
inspiration and expiration
83
The thoracic cavity expands during ______.
inspiration
84
The thoracic cavity contracts during _____.
expiration
85
Chest wall and lungs expand during _____.
inspiration
86
The diaphragm contracts (flattens) during ____.
inspiration.
87
The diaphragm relaxes during _____.
expiration.
88
During inspiration ribs are _____ and the thoracic cavity ____.
elevated
| widens
89
During expiration ribs are ____ and the thoracic cavity _______.
depressed
| narrows
90
The inferior portion of the sternum moves ______ during inspiration.
anteriorly
91
The inferior portion of the sternum moves _____ during expiration.
posteriorly
92
What is intrapleural pressure?
The pressure within the pleural cavity
93
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
The pressure within the lungs
94
What are the four respiratory processes?
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, gas transport, internal respiration
95
Vertical dimension changes occur due to the contraction of the ______.
diaphragm
96
Lateral dimension changes occur due to the contraction of the _____.
rib cage
97
Anterior-posterior dimension changes occur due to the movement of the ____.
sternum.
98
Volume changes in the thoracic cavity cause gas pressure _____ in the thoracic cavity.
changes
99
At a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container _____ is referred to as boil's law.
increases
100
Pressure decreases as volume ____ according boyle's law.
increases
101
Pressure increases as volume ______ according to Boyle's law.
decreases
102
Boyle's gas law states that air moves to where there is _____.
less pressure
103
_____ is the pressure gases in the air exert in the environment.
atmospheric pressure
104
____ lbs per square inch ='s 1 atmosphere (atm) = 760 mm Hg
14.7
105
The air thins with increased altitude (aka _______).
lower atmospheric pressure
106
_____ is the collective volume of the alveoli within the lungs.
alveolar volume
107
_____ volume is associated with intrapulmonary pressure (pressure within alveoli).
alveolar
108
____ is pressure exerted within the pleural cavity.
intrapleural pressure
109
____ pressure is always slightly lower than intrapulmonary pressure so lungs stay inflated. (____ mm Hg).
Intrapleural pressure
| 756 mm Hg
110
_____ during quiet inspiration both intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressures are at ____ mm Hg prior to inspiration.
Initially
| 760
111
Intrapleural pressure slightly lower at ___ mm Hg.
756
112
During quiet inspiration the diaphragm and external intercostals ______ pulling open the thoracic cavity.
contract
113
During quiet inspiration pleural cavity volume increases and intrapleural pressure _____ to 754 mm Hg.
decreases
114
During quiet inspiration surface tensions plus lungs open causing a decrease in intrapulmonary pressure to _____ mm Hg.
759
115
During quiet inspiration, we inspire ____ of air.
500 mL
116
At sea level, how much is atmospheric pressure?
760 mm Hg
117
Why is intrapleural pressure lower than intrapulmonary pressure?
So that the lungs stay inflated
118
During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostals contract, pulling the thoracic cavity open. What happens to intrapleural pressure? What does this cause.
It decreases to 754 mm Hg
| The pulling open of the lungs, decreasing the intrapulmonary pressure to 759 mm Hg causing air to flow int the lungs
119
During quiet expiration, ____, both intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressures are at ___ mm Hg prior to expiration.
760 mm Gh
120
Intrapleural pressure is slightly lower at ____ mm Hg.
754
121
Diaphragm and external intercostals relax ____ thoracic cavity volume.
decreasing
122
During quiet expiration, the pleural cavity volume decreases and the intrapleural pressure ____ to ____ mm Hg.
increases
| 756 mm Hg
123
Elastic recoil pulls lungs closed causing an increase in ______ pressure to _____ mm Hg.
intrapulmonary pressure
| 761 mm Hg
124
Air is ___ the alveoli to the atmosphere.
forced out
125
4 Steps of Quiet Inspiration & Expiration
1. Intrapulmonary pressure = atmospheric pressure ( atm and intrapulmonary = 760 & intrapleural = 756)
2. Intrapulmonary pressure becomes less than atmospheric pressure; air flows in (at = 760, intrapulmonary = 759, intrapleural = 754)
3. Intrapulmonary pressure = atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg & the intrapleural pressure is 754 mm Hg)
4. Intrapulmonary pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure; airflows out (atm = 760, Intrapleural = 756, Intrapulmonary 761)
126
The respiratory system is innervated by the ______.
autonomic nervous system
127
The sympathetic, _____ spinal nerves control bronchodilation.
T1-T5
128
The parasympathetic, ____ nerve controls bronchoconstriciton.
vagus (X)
129
Autonomic nuclei within the brainstem
?
130
The nervous control of breathing in the medulla oblongata occurs within the _____ and ______.
Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
| Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
131
The Pons is also involved in the nervous control of breathing in the _____ center.
pneumotaxic
132
Upper motor neurons from the _____ synapse with lower motor neurons in the spinal cord. These lower motor neurons include the phrenic nerves and the ____ nerves.
VRG
| intercostal nerves
133
____ nerves innervate the diaphragm.
Phrenic
134
____ nerves innervated the intercostal muscles.
Intercostal
135
____ are the primary sensory receptors involved in altering breathing.
chemoreceptors
136
Chemoreceptors monitor fluctuations in both ___ concentrations as well as respiratory gases (Pco2 and Po2) in both the ____ and blood.
H+
| CSF and blood
137
Chemoreceptors in the _____ are central chemoreceptors.
brain
138
Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the _____ and the _____.
aortic arch and the carotid arteries
139
Peripheral chemoreceptors detect increased CO2, increased H+, and _____.
decreased O2.
140
Central chemoreceptors are located within the _____.
medulla oblongata
141
____ chemoreceptors monitor pH changes in CSF induced by changes in blood PCO2.
Central
142
The _____ chemoreceptors, aortic bodies, send signals to the DRG through _____.
peripheral
| CN IX
143
The ____ chemoreceptors, carotid bodies, send signals to the DRG through _____.
peripheral
| CN X
144
____ chemoreceptors detect changes in both H+ and Pco2 concentrations within arterial blood.
Peripheral
145
An ____ in H+ and Pco2 concentrations within arterial blood could be caused by either kidney failure or diabetes mellitus.
increase
146
Peripheral chemoreceptors can also be stimulated by larges changes in blood ____.
Po2
147
_____ are located within joints and muscles, stimulated by body movement, and causes an increase in breathing ____.
proprioceptors
| depth
148
_____ are located in the visceral pleura and smooth muscle of bronchiole, stimulated by stretching, and inhibits inspiration activities (keeps lungs from over expanding).
Baroreceptors
149
_______ are located within the respiratory passageways, stimulated by dust and other particulates, and imitate sneezing and coughing relaxes.
Irritant receptors
150
During quiet expiration, why does the intrapulmonary pressure increase?
b/c of the decrease in alveolar volume, recoil of the elastic fibers
151
What are the two respiratory centers within the medulla.
VRG - ventral respiratory group
| DRG - dorsal respiratory group
152
What two lower motor neurons can be stimulated from the upper motor neuron stemming from the VRG?
Phrenic (diaphragm) and intercostal nerves
153
Central chemoreceptors monitor what in the CSF?
H+ concentrations
154
Peripheral chemoreceptors monitor what in the blood?
H+ and PCO2, or large changes in PO2
155
What other types of receptors can trigger an change in respiration?
Proprioceptors
baroreceptors
irritant receptors
156
____ is the rate of quiet breathing.
Eupnea
157
Rate of Eupnea is ___ second inspiration, ___ second expiration, and 12 breaths per minute.
2 second inspiration
| 3 second expiration
158
Rate of quiet breathing, Eupnea, only requires ___% of total body energy expenditure.
5%
159
Change in ___ is the altering amount of time spent in both inspiration and expiration.
rate
160
Change in ___ is the stimulation of accessory muscles, which results in greater thoracic volume changes.
depth
161
The most important stimulus affecting breathing rate and depth is blood _____ levels.
Picot levels
162
___ is the absence of breathing.
Apnea
163
Apnea occurs during swallowing, holding breath, drug-induced (anesthesia), or _____ disease or trauma.
neurologic
164
____ is the amount of air that moves into/out of respiratory tract with each breath.
airflow
165
Airflow is affected by pressure gradient and _____.
resistance.
166
______ is the difference between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure.
pressure gradient
167
The pressure gradient can be changed by altering the volume of the ____.
thoracic cavity
168
_____ are the factors that make it more difficult to move air from atmosphere through respiratory passageway into alveoli.
resistance
169
An example of _____ is a decrease in elasticity of the chest wall and lungs (pulmonary fibrosis).
resistance
170
An example of resistance is a change in _____ diameter (size of passageways).
bronchiole
171
______ by the parasympathetic division, a change in bronchiole diameter.
bronchoconstriciton
172
______ by the sympathetic division, a change in bronchiole diameter.
bronchodilation
173
Accumulation of mucus or inflammation in _____ causes resistance via a decrease in the size of passageways.
bronchioles
174
The collapse of alveoli, is a type of _____.
resistance
175
Increased surface tension due to type ___ cells not secreting enough surfactant causes respiratory _____ syndrome in infants. (collapse of alveoli)
distress
176
_____ is the case with which the lungs and chest wall expand.
compliance
177
____ is the amount of air inhaled in 1 minute.
pulmonary ventilation
178
Normal tidal volume is ____ per breath.
500 mL
179
Respiratory rate is ___ breathes per minute.
12
180
Total pulmonary ventilation is ________.
6000 ml/min or 6L/min
181
_____ is the amount of air that reaches the alveoli and is available for gas exchange per minute.
alveolar ventilation
182
____ is the amount of air left in conducting zone that never reaches alveoli (average volume is ___).
anatomic dead space
| 150 ml
183
Alveolar ventilation will be less than _____ ventilation due to dead space.
pulmonary
i.e.
500 ml - 150ml = 350 ml x 12 bpm = 4200 m./mn or 4.2 L
184
Physiologic dead space occurs due to respiratory disorders result in decreased number of ____ participation in gas exchange.
alveoli
185
____ is the pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture of gases.
partial pressure
186
____ pressure is the total pressure of all gases collectedly.
atmospheric pressure or atm
187
____ includes nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor and other minor gases.
Atmospheric pressure
188
____ states that the total pressure in a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures.
Dalton's law
189
____ are partial pressure for a specific gas is higher in one region than in another.
partial pressure gradients
190
Gas moves _____ the region of its higher partial pressure ___ the region of its lower partial pressure.
from
| to
191
Both alveolar gas exchange and_____ gas exchange depend upon partial pressure gradients.
systemic
192
What is the most important concentration within he blood that affects rate and depth of breathing?
PCO2
193
Air flow resistance can be affected by ...
decreased elasticity of lungs
change in bronchiole diameter
collapse of aveoli
194
____ is the chemical principles governing the exchange of gas between air and a liquid (blood)
gas solubility
195
____ states that at a given temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is dependent upon the partial pressure of gas in the air and the volume of gas dissolved in a specified volume of liquid (solubility coefficient).
Henry's law
196
______ is the volume of gas dissolved in a specified volume of liquid.
the solubility coefficient
197
_____ is more soluble than oxygen which is more soluble than _____.
carbon dioxide
| nitrogen
198
Gases with ____ solubility coefficients require larger pressure gradients to push the gas into the liquid.
low
199
Partial pressure in gases in alveoli are different than partial pressures with the _____.
atmosphere
200
More ____ is present within alveoli during alveolar gas exchange.
water vapor
201
Oxygen diffuses out of alveoli into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from _____.
blood into alveoli
202
PO2 is _____ in alveoli ____ mm Hg than in atmosphere, 159 mm Hg.
lower
| 159 mm Hg
203
PCO2 is ____ in the alveoli ____ mm Hg than in atmosphere, 0.3 mm Hg
higher
| 40 mm Hg
204
These remain constant because of our rhthymic breathing.
?
205
During external respiration PO2 is greater in the alveoli (104 mm Hg) than in the blood (40 mm Hg), thus oxygen moves from ____ to _____.
alveoli to blood
206
During external respiration PCO2 is greater in the blood (45 mm Hg) than in the alveoli (40 mm Hg) thus carbon dioxide moves from the ____ to the ____.
blood
| alveoli
207
Efficiency of diffusion is dependent upon anatomic features of the ____.
respiratory membrane
208
The _____ of the respiratory membrane makes diffusion efficient.
large surface area, about the size of half a tennis court
209
The respiratory membrane has ______, about 0.5 micrometers between alveolar and capillary endothelial cells.
minimal thickness
210
To maximize gas exchange smooth muscles of both the bronchioles and the arterioles that carry blood to pulmonary capillaries can _____ and _____.
contract and relax
211
Ventilation responds to changes in ____.
PCO2
212
Ventilation is altered by changes in _______ and construction.
bronchodilation
213
Perfusion response to changes in _____.
PCO2 and PO2
214
Perfusion is altered by changes in pulmonary _____ and _______.
arteriole dilation and constriction
215
During ventilation bronchioles _____ and the amount of air within the bronchiole increases.
dilates
216
During ventilation bronchioles ______ decreasing PCO2 in the air within the bronchiole.
constricts
217
During perfusion the arterioles ______ to either increase PO2 or decrease PCO2 in blood.
dilate
218
Arterioles construction during perfusion to increase PO2 or Increase ____ in the blood.
PCO2
219
Breathing that is too slow or is called ____.
bradypnea
220
Breathing that is too shallow is called ____.
hypopnea
221
_____ that is either too slow or too shallow to adequately meet the metabolic need of the body.
hypoventilation
222
____ is caused by airway obstruction, pneumonia, brainstem injury, obesity, and any other condition that interferes with pulmonary ventilation or alveolar gas exchange.
hypoventilation
223
During hypoventilation ____ levels decrease and ____ levels increase in the alveoli causing a smaller partial pressure gradient.
O2 decrease
| CO2 increase
224
During hypoventilation O2 levels decrease and CO2 levels increase in the ____ causing a smaller partial pressure gradient.
alveoli
225
Lower amounts of oxygen diffusion from alveoli into the blood causing a decrease in blood PO2, ______ which can lead to low oxygen in the tissue , ______.
hypoxemia
| hypoxia
226
Lower amounts of carbon dioxide diffuse from blood to alveoli causing blood PCO2 to increase, ________.
hypercapnia
227
____ is the breathing rate or depth that is increased above the body's demand.
hyperventilation
228
Hyperventilation is caused by anxiety, panic, or ____.
ascending to a high altitude.
229
Hyperventilation increases PO2 levels and decreases PCO2 levels in alveoli which causes an increase in ______.
partial pressure gradient
230
During hyperventilation additional oxygen does not enter the blood despite the steeper PO2 gradient because ______.
hemoglobin 98% saturated already during normal breathing
231
During hyperventilation additional carbon dioxide leaves the blood to enter the alveoli due to steep _______.
PCO2 gradient
232
During hyperventilation blood PCO2 level decrease below normal which is called ______.
hypocapnia
233
______ causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels as well as a decrease in blood H+ concentrations which can results in respiratory alkalosis.
Hypocapnia
234
What does 100% hemoglobin saturation mean?
hemoglobin is bound to 4 oxygen molecules
235
What does the oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve tell us?
the relationship between PO2 and hemoglobin O2 saturation
236
What is oxygen reserve?
the oxygen that is still attached to hemoglobin after the blood passes through the systemic capillaries.
237
What other things can influence the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?
binding of H+or CO2, increased temperature or 2,3-BPG
238
What does a shift right int he hemoglobin saturation curve mean?
There is a change in the body which stimulates additional release of oxygen from hemoglobin, such as increased temp or blood pH.
239
Internal respiration is a result of partial pressure of gases in systemic cells due to _____.
cellular respiration
240
Internal respiration
?
241
Gases with ___ solubility coefficients require ______ pressure gradients to push the gas into he liquid.
low
| larger
242
Why are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 different within the alveoli, compared to the atmosphere?
Air mixes with anatomic dead space, O2 and CO2 exchange with blood within alveoli, more water vapor in alveoli
243
What's the difference between ventilation and perfusion?
Ventilation is a change in bronchiole diameter where perfusion is the change in arteriole diameter
244
During external respiration: PO2 is lower in the alveoli than in the pulmonary capillaries, which causes oxygen to move from the blood into the alveoli.
false
245
During the internal respiration: PO2 i lower in the systemic cells than in the systemic capillaries, which causes oxygen to move from the blood into the systemic cells.
true
246
Oxygen transport dependent upon solubility coefficient of oxygen in blood plasma and the ____.
presence of hemoglobin
247
The solubility coefficient of oxygen in blood plasma is ____, less than 2% of oxygen is dissolved in the plasma.
very low
248
The presence of hemoglobin is ____% of oxygen in blood transported within erythrocytes bound to the iron within hemoglobin.
98%
249
Hemoglobin that is oxygen bound is called ______.
oxyhemoglobin
250
Hemoglobin that is without bound oxygen is called ______.
deoxyhemoglobin
251
Carbon dioxid transport is dependent upon CO2 dissolved plasma, CO2 attached to the glib portion of hemoglobin, and _________.
bicarbonate (HCO2) dissolved in plasma.
252
____% of CO2 can diffuse into plasma.
7%
253
CO2 attached to the global portion of hemoglobin can transport ___% of CO2 as carbaminohemoglobin compound.
23%
254
As bicarbonate (HCO3) dissolved in plasma ____% of CO2 diffuses into erythrocytes and combine with water to form bicarbonate and H+, bicarbonate then diffuses into he plasma.
70% ???
255
In systemic capillaries CO2 diffuses into an erythrocyte, joins H2O to form carbonic anhydrase (H2CO3) which then splits into _______ and ____.
bicarbonate and hydrogen ion
256
In systemic capillaries bicarbonate leaves erythrocyte and chloride ion moves into cells to prevent a change in charge, _____.
chloride shift
257
Conversion of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide in pulmonary capillaries occurs when bicarbonate moves in the erythrocyte as ________ move out.
chloride ions
258
Conversion of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide in pulmonary capillaries occurs when bicarbonate recombines with a hydrogen ion to form ______ which dissociates into carbon dioxide and water.
carbonic anhydrase
259
Conversion of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide in pulmonary capillaries occurs when carbon dioxide diffuses out of the ________ into the plasma and then diffuses into the alveoli.
erythrocyte
260
Hemoglobin transports three substances: oxygen attached to iron, carbon dioxide bound to the global, and ____ bound to the global.
hydrogen ions
261
The binding or releasing of one substance causes a conformation change in the hemoglobin that influences the ability to _____ the other two substances.
bind or release
262
How much oxygen in the blood is attached to hemoglobin?
98%
263
Carbon dioxide is primarily carried within the blood as ______.
bicarbonate
264
Where is CO2 converted into bicarbonate?
within the erythrocytes
265
What is created when CO2 binds with H2O.
carbonic anhydrase
266
What is the chloride shift?
a chloride ion enters the erythrocyte when a bicarbonate molecule leaves to balance the charge
267
What three things are transported by hemoglobin?
oxygen, carbondioxide and hydrogen ions
268
Hemoglobin can find up to ___ O2 molecules (four iron atoms)
four
269
Percent O2 saturation is the amount of _____.
oxygen bound to hemoglobin
270
____ hemoglobin saturation occurs when bound to 4 O2 molecules.
100%
271
__% hemoglobin saturated when only bound to 1 O2 molecule.
25%
272
Cooperative binding effect is when the binding of each O2 molecule makes it progressively easier for each addition ____.
o2 molecule to bind to an available iron.
273
The oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve relates the PO2 and percent _____ of hemoglobin.
O2 saturation of hemoglobin
274
Initial increases in PO2 on the oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve cause _____ in hemoglobin saturation.
relatively large changes in hemoglobin saturation
| up to 60 mm Hg
275
On the oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve any changes above ____ mm Hg only have relatively small changes in hemoglobin saturation.
60 mm Hg
276
Deoxyhemoglobin + O2 oxyghemoglobin
?
277
If alveolar PO2 is 104 mm Hg. What would be the hemoglobin saturation be after the blood passed through the pulmonary capillaries?
98
278
Climbing a mountain decrease PO2 int eh atmosphere which in turn _____ the PO2 in the alveoli.
decreases
279
Elevation of 9000 ft, PO2 is 65 mm Hg, what is the hemoglobin saturation level?
?
280
Elevation of 17000 feet, PO2 is 40 mm Hg, what is the hemoglobin saturation level?
?
281
Altitude sickness normally occurs at altitudes greater than ___ feet.
8200 feet
282
PO2 in systemic cells during rest is 40 mm Hg, thus the hemoglobin saturation is ____%
75%
283
Hemoglobin in blood is 98% saturated as it _____.
enters systemic capillaries.
284
During rest, only _____ of oxygen transported by hemoglobin is released.
20-25%
285
____ is the amount of oxygen that remains bound to hemoglobin after passing through the systemic capillaries.
oxygen reserve
286
Vigorous exercise decreases PO2 to _____ in systemic cells.
PO2 to 20 mm Hg
287
_____ increased temp interferes with hemoglobin's ability to find and hold oxygen
temperature
288
_____ is known as Bohr effect.
H+ binding to hemoglobin
289
The presence of 2,3-BPG causes released of additional oxygen as blood moves through _____.
systemic capillaries.
290
Thyroid hormone, epinephrine, growth hormone and testosterone stimulates production of ______.
2,3 - BPG
291
CO2 binding to hemoglobin causes the release of more _____.
oxygen
292
_____ iw when more oxygen released from hemoglobin the more carbon dioxide binds to ti.
Haldane effect
293
Review oxygen release curves
?
