Chapter 26 Flashcards
1
Q
____ is the introduction of solid/liquid into the oral cavity.
A
ingestion
2
Q
_____ is the voluntary/involuntary muscular contractions for mixing and moving materials through GI tract.
A
motility
3
Q
____ is the production/release of digestive enzymes, acid, and bile into the GI tract to aid in digestion.
A
secretion
4
Q
_____ is the breakdown of ingested food into smaller structures.
A
digestion
5
Q
______ is when food is physically broken down and there are no chemical changes.
A
mechanical digestion
6
Q
_______ involves specific enzymes to break chemical bonds, making smaller molecules for absorption
A
chemical digestion
7
Q
_____ is the membrane transport of digested molecules, electrolytes, vitamins and water from GI into blood/lymph
A
absorption
8
Q
______ is the expulsion of indigestible components
A
elimination
9
Q
The mucosa is made of three layers: ______, ______, and _______.
A
epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
10
Q
The inner most layer of the mucosa is called the _____.
A
epithelium
11
Q
Most of the GI tract (stomach, small and large intestines) are made of _______.
A
simple columnar epithelium
12
Q
The cells of the oral cavity, or/laryngopharynx, esophagus, and anal canal are called ______.
A
nonkeratinized stratified squamous
13
Q
The middle layer of the mucosa is called the ______.
A
lamina propria
14
Q
The lamina propr. contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and _______.
A
MALT
15
Q
The outermost layer of the mucosa is the _____
A
muscularis mucosae
16
Q
Which layer of the the mucosa facilitates the release of secretions from the mucosa into the lumen?
A
muscularis mucosae
17
Q
Muscularis mucosae causes slight movement of mucosa to increase ______.
A
contact with materials within the lumen.
18
Q
The submucosa is made up of _____ and ______.
A
areolar
dense irregular connective tissue
19
Q
The submucosa contains large blood vessels, lymph vessels, _____ and ______.
A
nerves and glands
20
Q
The submucosa contains ______, _____ in small intestines.
A
MALT, peyer’s patches
21
Q
The submucosal nerve plexus innervates smooth muscle and glands of mucosa as well as glands of __________.
A
submucosa
22
Q
The two lanes of the muscular?
A
inner circular layer
outer longitudinal layer
23
Q
The inner circular layer surrounds the _____.
A
GI tract
24
Q
The outer longitudinal layer runs the _____ of the GI tract.
A
length
25
The my centric nerve plexus is located between what two layers?
inner circular layer and the outer longitudinal layer
26
The mycentric nerve plexus contains both motor neurons of ANS and ________.
visceral sensory neurons
27
The functions of the muscularis?
peristalsis and mixing
28
______ is the alternating contraction sequence causing the pushing of ingested materials through the GI tract.
peristalsis
29
____ is the kneading motion within different regions of GI tract that lack directional movement.
Mixing
30
Serosa/Adventitia are both composed of _____.
areolar connective tissue
31
______ covers portions of the GI tract located outside of peritoneal cavity.
adventitia
32
The retroperitoneal organs
duodenum
pancrea
ascending/descending colon
rectum
33
The _____ is covered by visceral peritoneum.
serosa
34
The serosa covers portions of GI tract within the ______ cavity.
peritoneal
35
Intraperitoneal organs
stomach
jejunum/ileum
transverse/sigmoid colons
36
The digestive system is regulated by receptors, nervous control and _____.
hormonal control
37
_____ detect stretch or pressure.
baroreceptors
38
______ detect presence of specific substances.
chemoreceptors
39
Hormonal control is regulated by gastrin, secretin and ____.
cholecystokinin or CCK
40
Gastrin is released from the ____.
stomach
41
______ and ________ comes from the small intestines.
secretin
| choleycystokinin
42
_______ control through facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.
Autonomic
43
________ nervous system contains both submucosal and myenteric nerve plexi.
enteric
44
____- nerve stimulates myenteric plexus which stimulates submucosal plexus.
Vagus
45
____ nervous can direct all essential activities of the GI tract in the absence of the ANS.
enteric
46
Daily secretions of ____ range between 1 and 1.5 liters, with most produced during mealtime.
saliva
47
Saliva is composed of ____% water and a mixture of solutes.
99.5%
48
_____ is made up of water and salivary amylase, mucin, and ______.
lysozyme
49
Saliva functions to ____ ingested food.
moisten
50
Saliva intiates ______.
chemical digestion
51
Saliva helps to form a _______ of the food that has been ingested.
food bolus
52
_____ initiates chemical digestion and ______ targets starch.
Saliva
| salivary amylase
53
Saliva acts as a _____ so food molecules dissolve into saliva before they can stimulate taste receptors.
watery medium
54
Saliva cleans the _____.
oral cavity
55
Saliva helps inhibit _____ because it contains antibacterial substances: both lysozyme and IgA's.
bacterial growth
56
The brains contains _______.
salivary nuclei
57
______ stimulation keeps oral cavity moist.
parasymphathetic
58
Parasympathetic stimulation keeps the oral cavity moist. The ____ nerve stimulates the submandibular and sublingual glands. The _____ nerve stimulates the parotid gland.
facial nerve
| glossopharyngeal nerve
59
More saliva will be released in the upper GI in response to chemoreceptors and _____.
mechanoreceptors
60
Arrival of food into the stomach, especially ____ or ____ stimulates the release of more saliva.
spicy or acidic
61
Introduction of substances into oral cavity, especially ______ substances will release more saliva in response to super GI chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors.
acidic
62
Saliva stimulation occurs when the higher brain centers thought, smell or _____ of food.
sight
63
______ stimulation results in more viscous saliva by decreasing water content.
sympathetic
64
_______ is the mechanical digestion in the oral cavity (chewing).
mastication
65
Mastication centers located within the _____ and _____ regulate coordinated activity of the teeth and the skeletal muscles of the lips, tongue, cheeks, and jaw.
pons and medulla
66
Mastication reduces the _____ into smaller particles to facilitate swallowing.
bulk
67
Mastication promotes salivation to help _____ and moisten food into bolus.
soften
68
Small, ____ molecules can be absorbed directly into the blood from the mouth without chewing or swallowing.
nonpolar
69
Between 6 and 30 months of age, ____ deciduous teeth will appear (including incisors, canines, and premolars)
20
70
All 20 deciduous teeth are lost and replaced with ____ permanent teeth (includes all deciduous teeth and molars).
32 permanent
71
Incisors most anterior, are shapes like chisels and have a ____ root.
single
72
_______ are designed for slicing or cutting.
incisors
73
Canines have ____ and a single root.
pointed tip
74
_______ are designed for puncturing and tearing.
canines
75
Premolars have a _____ with cusps and 1 or 2 roots.
flat crowns
76
Premolars are designed for ______ and ______.
crushing and grinding
77
Molars that are most posterior, have large crowd flat crowns with ____ or more roots.
3
78
______ are adapted for grinding and crushing.
Molars
79
The number of each type of tooth is written as a ________ for one quadrant of the mouth (upper and lower shown on separate rows)
dental formula
80
A dental formula for most adults
ICPM = 2123/2123
81
A dental formula for most children
ICP = 212/212
82
_______ or swallowing, is the process of moving ingested materials from the oral cavity to the stomach.
deglutition
83
The three phases of deglutition.
1. voluntary phase
2. pharyngeal phase (involuntary)
3. Esophageal phase (involuntary)
84
_______ in the medulla coordinates with the respiratory center (also in the medulla) so there is a pause in breathing.
swallowing center
85
______ is difficulty swallowing.
dysphagia
86
If there is damage to the swelling center, the _____ can maintain function.
enteric nervous system
87
Voluntary Phase of Deglutition
Controlled by the cobra cortex
Chewed food forms bolus and then pushed superiorly against the hard palate
Transverse palatine folds direct bolus toward oropharynx initiating
88
Pharyngeal Involuntary Phase (1 second)
Swallowing center receives signals from tactile sensory receptors which causes:
Elevation of soft palate and uvula blocking off nasopharynx
Elevation of larynx resulting in epiglottis covering laryngeal opening
Bolus moves through pharynx to esophagus
89
Esophageal Involuntary Phase
5-8 seconds long as bolus moves through esophagus by peristaltic waves
90
______ is a normally collapsed, tubular passageway.
esophagus
91
The ________ contains superior and inferior sphincters which are normally closed, only opening to allow for the passage of a bolus.
esophagus
92
The _____ of the esophagus is unique and contains both skeletal and smooth muscle.
muscularis
93
The superior 1/3rd of the esophagus contains only _____. The muscle propels swallowed material out of pharynx quickly for the next ______ to occur.
skeletal muscle fibers
| breath
94
The middle 1/3rd of the esophagus contains _________.
both skeletal and smooth muscle
95
The inferior 1/3rd of the esophagus contains ______ which is continuous with the muscular that extends throughout the stomach.
smooth muscle
96
The ____ is inferior to the diaphragm, anterior to the pancreas and the holding sac is in the left upper quadrant.
stomach
97
The stomach mixes ______ with secretions released from the stomach wall.
ingested food
98
The stomach mechanically digests the contents into a semifluid mass called _____.
chyme
99
The stomach completes _______ of both protein and fat.
chemical digestion
100
Absorption in the stomach is limited to small, non polar substances such as _____ and ______.
alcohol and aspirin
101
One essential function of the stomach is the release of the ______.
intrinsic factor
102
The intrinsic factor is needed for the absorption of vitamin _____ in the ileum of the small intestines.
B12
103
There are ___ types of secretory cells of the gastric epithelium.
five
104
In the stomach, four of the five secretory cells of the gastric epithelium produce _____ of gastric juices a day.
3 liters
105
The fifth secretory cells of the gastric epithelium secretes _____.
a hormone
106
_____ cells line the stomach lumen, extend into gastric pits.
surface mucous cells
107
Surface mucous cells secrete _____ product within mucin to surface where mucin hydrates and becomes a mucus layer. This prevents ulceration of the stomach lining.
alkaline
108
The ____ cells prevents ulceration of the stomach lining.
surface mucous
109
_____ cells line the base of gastric pits into the gastric glands, inter mixed with parietal cells.
mucous neck cells
110
Mucous neck cells produce an _____ which helps maintain the acidic conditions resulting from the secretion of the HCl.
acidic mucin
111
The mucous neck cells still act a a _____.
protective layer
112
_____ cells release intrinisic factor.
parietal cells
113
_____ is a glycoprotein required for the absorption of vitamin B12 needed for production of normal erythrocytes.
intrinsic factor
114
B12 deficiencies can result in ______.
pernicious anemia
115
______ cells release hydrochloric acid.
Parietal cells
116
Hydrochloric acid is not formed in parietal cell, forms in _______ after H+ and Cl- released from cell.
lumen
117
Normal stomach pH levels range from ______.
1.5 - 2.5
118
Hydrochloric acid converts inactive pepsinogen into active _____.
pepsin
119
______ kills most microorganisms that enter the stomach.
Hydrochloric acid
120
Hydrochloric acid contributes to the breakdown of plant cell walls and ______.
animal connective tissue
121
______ cells are the most numerous within gastric glands.
chief cells (peptic)
122
Chief cells (peptic) produce and secrete packets of _____ containing the inactive form of pepsin, pepsinogen.
zymogen granules
123
Chief cells are activated by both HCl and other _______.
active pepsin molecules
124
______ chemically digests denatured proteins into small peptide fragments.
Chief cells (peptic)
125
Chief cells produce ______, which is an enzyme with limited role in fat digestion (10% - 15%)
gastric lipase
126
______ are distributed throughout gastric glands.
G-cells
127
_____ secrete gastrin into the blood.
G-cells
128
G cells secreting gastrin stimulates _______ and secretions
stomach motility
129
Three stimulatory molecules responsible for HCl regulation; _______, ________, and _________.
acetylocholine
gastrin
histamine
130
______ is a neurotransmitter from enteric neurons.
acetylcholine
131
_____ is a paracrine hormone released from ECL cells.
histamine
132
_______is a hormone released from G cells.
gastrin
133
______ and _______ stimulates parietal cells directly.
histamine and acetylcholine
134
Gastrin stimulates release of histamine from ______ to indirectly stimulate parietal cells.
ECL cells
135
Somatostatin released from enteroendocrine cells when pH of stomach is ______.
too low
136
______ inhibits acid secretion by directly affecting parietal, ECL, and G cells.
Somatostatin
137
______ is the mixing of bolus with gastric juice to form chyme.
gastric mixing
138
_______ is the movement of acidic chyme from stomach through pyloric sphincter into duodenum.
gastric emptying
139
stomach motility steps
?
140
Peristaltic wave establishes a _________ on contents in pylorus than pressure exerted by pyloric sprinter to stay closed.
greater pressure on contents
141
Stomach motility causes ____ to empty into small intestines at a time.
3 mL
142
Peristaltic wave passes sphincter changing the _____.
pressure gradient back
143
greater pressure at sphincter than against contents thus sphincter closes causing a ________.
retropulsion
144
_______ is the movement of stomach contents out of sphincter back into stomach lumen.
retropulsion
145
The stomach contains pacemaker cells which spontaneously depolarize less than _____ times per minute and establish its basic rhythm.
4 times
146
Electrical signals spread via gap junctions, smooth muscle in ______ is a single unit.
muscularis
147
Nervous and hormonal regulation can alter the _______ but not rate, as well as secretory activity of the gastric glands.
force of contraction but not rate
148
The three phases of gastric secretion
Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal
149
______ and ______ phases occur before and during a meal.
cephalic and gastric
150
_____ phase involves events that occur after the meal.
intestinal
151
The cephalic phase involves the ______.
cephalic reflex
152
The cephalic reflex is initiated by the _____, smell, sight, or taste of food.
thought
153
The cebral cortex sends signals to the _____, which passes the signal onto the medulla during the cephalic phase.
hypothalamus
154
During the cephalic phase the medulla increases ____ stimulation through the Vagus nerve to the stomach.
parasymphatetic
155
The stomach increases ______ from the gastric glands.
both the force of contraction and the secretion
156
Steps of cephalic phase
?
157
Steps of Gastric phase
?
158
______ is initiated when food enters the stomach.
gastric reflex
159
During the gastric phase ____ detect stretch.
baroreceptors
160
During the gastric phase _____ detect protein and increase in stomach pH.
chemoreceptors
161
During the gastric phase, signals trigger the medulla same as _______.
the cephalic reflex
162
During the gastric phase, the release of gastrin occurs due to the ______.
presence of food (protein)
163
Gastrin circulates back to the stomach to stimulate contractile activity of _____.
stomach wall
164
Gastrin circulates back to the stomach to release ______.
gastric secretions (HCl0
165
Gastrin circulates back to the stomach to stimulate contraction of pyloric sphincter to ______.
slow stomach emptying
166
Steps of the Intestinal phase
?
167
The purpose of the intestinal phase is to ____ stomach emptying to allow for adequate time for digestive processes.
slow
168
______ opposes cephalic and gastric reflexes.
intestinal reflex
169
The intestinal reflex is ignited upon entry of _____ into the duodenum.
acidic chyme
170
The intestinal reflex causes decreased force of ______ and release of secretions.
contractions
171
During the intestinal reflex there are decreased signals sent to _____ which decrease signals sent through the vagus nerve.
medulla
172
____ is released in response to fat.
CCK or cholecystokinin
173
_____ is released in response to a acidic chyme.
secretin
174
Both CCK and _____ inhibit parietal, ECL, and G cells as well as decreasing force of contractions.
secretin
175
Ingested nutrients spend at least 12 hours within the ____.
small intestines
176
The small intestines finishes _______.
chemical digestion
177
The small intestines function to abbrs. vitamins, all nutrients, and ______.
large portion of water/electrolytes
178
The small intestines consists of three segments: ________, _________, and ____________.
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
179
Mucosa and submucosa create _______ that extend into the lumen.
circular folds
180
Circular folds are most numerous in the ______ and _____.
duodenum and jejunum
181
______ increase the surface area through which nutrients are absorbed.
circular folds
182
Circular folds act like _____ to slow movement of chyme.
speed bumps
183
____ are finger like projections of the mucosa that extend from circular folds of the SI due to the shorter length of the muscular mucosae.
Villi
184
Villi are most numerous in the _____ and increase surface area beyond circular folds.
jejunum
185
Each _____ contain ans arteriole, a capillary network, a venule, and a lacteal.
villi
186
_____ absorb lipid and lipid-soluble vitamins that can't be absorbed into the blood stream.
Lacteals
187
______ also called a brush border.
microvilli
188
______ are extensions of plasma membrane of the simple columnar cells lining the small intestines.
microvilli
189
_____ further increase surface are beyond circular folds and villi.
microvilli
190
_______ are various enzymes embedded within the brush border that complete the chemical digestion of most nutrients immediately before absorption.
brush border enzymes
191
______ are located between the villi of the mucosa.
intestinal glands/crypts
192
Intestinal glands/ crypts contain 3 types of cells.
goblet cells
unicellular gland cells
enteroendocrine cells
193
____ produce mucin and increase in number from duodenum to ileum.
goblet cells
194
_______ cells synthesize enteropeptidase.
unicellular gland cells
195
______ release CCK and secretin.
enteroendocrine cells
196
Proximal duodenum also contains submucosal glands which secrete a viscous, alkaline mucus to protect the _______ for the acidic chyme.
duodenum
197
The motility of the small intestines is responsible for mixing chyme with ______ called segmentation.
accessory gland secretions
198
The motility of the small intestines is responsible for moving the chyme continually against new areas of the ______
brush border
199
The motility of the small intestines propels the contents through the small intestines toward the _____ which is called peristalsis.
large intestines
200
______ reflex is the movement of contents from ileum to cecum.
gastroileal reflex
201
In the gastroileal reflex the steps
```
ileum contracts
ileocecal sphincter relaxes
cecum relaxes
contents moved from ileum to cecum
ileocecal sphincter contracts
```
202
The gastroileal reflex is ignited by food _____.
entering the stomach.
203
The _____ is the largest internal organ and weighs 2-4 lbs.
liver
204
The liver is located in the _____.
right upper quadrant
205
_____ is the site where blood vessels, lymph vessels, bile ducts and nerves extend from the liver.
porta hepatis
206
The two blood sources for the liver are the ______ and ________.
hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein
207
The ______ is the branch of celiac trunk, transports oxygenated blood.
hepatic artery
208
The ________ transports deoxygenated and nutrient rich blood from the GI tract, spleen, and pancreas.
hepatic portal vein
209
_____% of the blood volume to the liver comes from the hepatic portal vein.
75%
210
Blood mixes as it passes into the ______.
hepatic lobules
211
_____ are microscopic polyhedral sections of the liver, created by the liver's CT capsule branching into the organ.
hepatic lobules
212
Hepatic lobules contain what 4 things?
hepatocytes
portal triads
central vein
hepatic sinusoids
213
Liver cells
hepatocytes
214
along the edges of hepatic lobules - have a bile ductule and branches of hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery.
portal triads
215
_____ drains blood flow from lobule
central vein
216
______ are thin walled capillaries within the hepatic lobules.
hepatic sinusoids
217
Venous blood from hepatic portal system and arterial blood are mixed within _______.
hepatic sinusoids
218
____ are absorbed from the sinusoids and enter the hepatocytes before blood leaves through the central vein.
nutrients
219
_____ are located within the sinusoids are macrophages and engulf harmful substances
kupffer cells
220
Bile produced by hepatocytes empty into ______.
bile canaliculi
221
______ is a sac like organ attached to inferior surface of liver that stores, concentrates and releases bile that the liver produces.
gallbladder
222
The gallbladder contains ___ tunics.
3
223
The three tunics of the gallbladder include: _______, _______, and ________.
mucosa, muscularis, and serosa
224
The gallbladder can hold ______ of bile.
40 - 60 mL
225
_____ contains water, HC03-, bile salts (formed from cholesterol) and mucin.
bile
226
Bile is produced at a rate of ______ L/day.
0.5 - 1 liter a day
227
The function of bile is _______.
emulsification
228
_______ is the mechanical digestion of lipids allowing more efficient chemical digestion of triglycerides.
emulsification
229
The ______ has both endocrine and exocrine functions.
pancreas
230
The length of the pancreas is ____ in length and retroperitoneal.
5-6 inches in length
231
The head of the pancreas near the duodenum curvature then extends to the left where the tail of the pancreas approaches the _____.
spleen.
232
Acing cells are located in the ____.
pancreas
233
Acinar cells are arranged in acini and produce/release _____.
digestive enzymes
234
Acinar cells release ____ to digest starch.
pancreatic amylase
235
Acinar cells release _______ to digest triglycerides.
pancreatic lipase
236
Acinar cells release ______ needed for protein digestion.
inactive proteases
237
Acinar cells release ___ for digestion of nucleotides.
nucleases
238
Simple cuboidal cells lining the pancreatic ducts secrete ________ fluid.
alkaline HC03- fluid
239
Fluid and enzymes mix to create _______ of pancreatic juices.
1-1.5 L/day
240
Cephalic and ____ phases stimulate release of pancreatic juice.
gastric
241
_____ is released due to fat content of chyme.
CCK
242
CCK stimulates smooth muscle in gallbladder wall to cause release of ___.
bile
243
_____ stimulates the pancreas to release enzyme rich pancreatic juice.
CCK
244
CCk relaxes _______ of hepatopancreatic ampulla.
smooth muscle
245
______ causes release of alkaline solution from the liver and ducts of the pancreas.
secretin
246
CCk and secretin also inhibit parietal, ____ and G cells, decreasing the release of ____ in the stomach.
ECL
247
The ______ absorbs water and electrolytes (NA+ and Cl-) primarily from remaining digestive material.
large intestines
248
The large intestines absorbs vitamin ___ and ____ which are synthesized by bacteria in the large intestines.
B and K
249
The three major regions of the large intestines
cecum
colon
rectum
250
The ____ is the first portion of the large intestines which extends inferior to ileocecal valve.
cecum
251
The vermiform appendix is located in the _____ and its suggested function is to contain bacteria helpful to colon.
cecum
252
The ____ has four segments: ______, ______, ______, and ______,
colon
| ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon
253
The _____ (part of mesentery) attaches each section to posterior abdominal wall.
mesocolon
254
The _____ is the muscular tube that readily expands to store accumulated feces.
rectum
255
The anal canal contains internal (_____) and external (______) anal sphincters.
smooth muscle
| skeletal muscle
256
The mucosa of the large intestines is lined by ______ with goblet cells.
simple columnar
257
The mucosa of the _____ is smooth and lacks villi.
large intestines
258
The mucosa of the large intestines contains intestinal glands which _____.
secrete mucin
259
_______ are the numerous normal bacterial flora which inhabit the large intestines.
indigenous microbiota
260
_____ is responsible for chemical breakdown of complex carbs, proteins, and lipids that remain once chyme passed onto large intestines.
indigenous microbiota
261
Indigenous microbiota produces _____.
vitamin B and K
262
Indigenous microbiota produce H+, hydrogen sulfid, methane, and _______.
indoles and skatoles
263
Peristalsis in the large intestines is ______, but resembles peristalsis elsewhere.
weak and sluggish
264
____ is when the relaxed haustrum fill with digested material until distended, a reflex is triggered to contract the muscular.
haustral churning
265
_____ is powerful, peristaltic-like contraction involving the teenier coli.
mass movement
266
The function of mass movement is to propel fecal material toward the ____.
rectum
267
____ starts in the middle of the transverse colon.
mass movement
268
Mass movement occurs ____ times a day, often during or immediately after a meal.
2-3 times
269
Regulation of the large intestines is controlled by which two reflexex?
gastrocolic reflex
| defecation reflex
270
_______ is ignited by stomach dissension to cause a mass movement.
gastrocolic reflex
271
_______ causes the elimination of feces from the GI tract.
defecation reflex
272
The _____ is ignited by baroreceptors in the rectal walls due to stretching.
defecation reflex
273
Conscious decision sends signals from the cerebral cortex to the external anal sphincter to relax and ______ is initiated.
Valsalva maneuver
274
Parasympathetic signals increase causing sigmoid colon and rectum to contract and internal anal sphincter to ____.
relax
275
Signal synapses in spinal cord with parasympathetic ________.
motor neuron?
276
________ are substances that must constitute part of the edit for survival
essential nutrients
277
The six essential nutrients
```
carbs
proteins
lipids
mineral
vitamins
water
```
278
Carbs, lipids, proteins and ____ are all digested by enzymatic hydrolysis which is the decomposition run by inserting water.
nucleic acids
279
During carb digestion the breakdown of starch into individual ______ occurs.
glucose molecules
280
During carb digestion the breakdown of disaccharides into individual ______ occurs.
monosaccharides
281
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the oral cavity due to ______.
salivary amylase
282
In the oral cavity _____ between glucose molecules within starch occurs.
breaks in chemical bonds
283
Salivary amylase is inactivated by ______ of the stomach when bolus is swallowed (15-20 minutes after the bolus enters).
low pH of stomach
284
_______ continues digestion of starch into shorter strands of glucose (5-25 long), maltose and individual glucose molecules in the _______ during carbohydrate digestion.
pancreatic amylase
| small intestines
285
Completion of digestion of carbs is accomplished by _______.
brush border enzymes in the small intestines
286
______ and ______ break bonds between glucose subunits.
dextrinase and glucoamylase
287
____ breaks bonds in maltose.
maltase
288
____ digests sucrose.
sucrase
289
____ digests lactose.
lactase
290
Monosaccharides are absorbed across _____ into blood..
epithelial lining
291
Blood transported through hepatic portal vein to liver where fructose and lactose are converted into _____.
glucose
292
Glucose can become part of _____.
blood glucose
293
Glucose can be taken up by ____ to oxidized through cellular respiration.
any cell
294
Glucose can be taken up by liver and muscle cells and synthesized into _____
glycogen and stored
295
Glucose can be converted into ____ and stored in adipose tissue.
fat (triglycerides)
296
During protein digestion there is a release of individual _____ to be absorbed into the blood and then transported to cells for synthesis of new proteins.
amino acids
297
Pepsinogen is released by chief cells and then activated by HCl released by the parietal cells to _____ in the stomach.
form pepsin
298
____ begins protein digestion while acidic environment denatures proteins.
pepsin
299
Pepsin doesn't work in ____ due to high pH levels.
small intestines
300
The inactive forms of enzymes needed for protein digestion are released from the _____.
pancreas
301
_________ are enzymes produced by small intestines needed for activation of other enzymes.
Enteropeptidase
trypsinogen ----- trypsin
chymotripsinogen ----chymostrypsin
procarboxypeptidase ----carboxypeptidase
302
Brush border enzymes
dipeptidase
| aminopeptidase
303
_____ breaks down dipeptides during protein digestion.
dipeptidase
304
_____ breaks single amino acids from the amine end of the peptide.
aminopeptidase
305
Free ____ are absorbed across the epithelial lining into blood.
amino acids
306
Triglycerides are composed of glycerol molecule and ______.
three fatty acids
307
Enzymes needed for breaking bonds between ______ and _____.
fatty acids and glycerol
308
______ doesn't need to be digested before absorption.
cholesterol
309
______ is a component of saliva, but not activated until reaches stomach for optimal pH level.
lingual lipase
310
______ is secreted by chief cells 30% of triglycerides are digested to diglycerides and a fatty acid.
gastric lipase
311
Pancreatic lipase digests majority of triglycerides, but needs ____ for this.
bile
312
Bile salts (part of bile) mechanically separate larger lipid droplets into smaller lipid droplets and its called ______.
emulsification
313
Bile salts contain polar and non polar sides which aid them in surrounding smaller fat droplets forming ______.
micelles
314
Smaller fat droplets allow greater access of pancreatic lipase to more effectively chemically digest the _____.
fat molecules
315
Cholesterols are also formed into _____m
micelles
316
No brush border enzymes are needed in ____ digestion
lipid
317
The _____ absorbs bile salts back into blood to be recycled.
ileum
318
Micelles transport lipids to ______ lining of the small intestines.
simple columnar
319
Lipids enter epithelial cells leaving bile salts within the ______ of the small intestines.
lumen
320
Fatty acids reattached to monoglycerides to _____.
reform triglycerides.
321
LIpids wrapped in protein to form a _____.
chylomicron
322
Golgi apparatus packages chylomicron in vesicle for _______ during lipid absorption.
exocytosis
323
_____ enter lacteals because they are to big to enter ______.
chylomicrons
| blood capillaries
324
Nucleic acid digestion is not essential nutrient but still digested by specific enzymes in _____.
GI tract
325
Two types of nucleic acid: _____ and _____.
DNA and RNA
326
Nucleic acids are composed of sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), phosphate group, and ______,
nitrogenous base
327
Nucleases synthesized/released by pancreas break ____ between nucleotides.
phosphodiester bonds
328
Brush border enzymes involved in nuclei acid digestion include _____ and _____.
phophatase and nucleosidase
329
______ breaks bone holding phosphate
phosphatase
330
_______ breaks bonds between sugar and base (releasing sugar)
nucleosidase
331
During nuclei acid digestion all components absorbed across epithelium and ______.
into the blood.
332
What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?
Mechanical digestion is physically breaking the food into small pieces
Chemical digestion is breaking the chemical bonds by enzyme
333
In which layers of the GI tract wall would you find MALT?
lamina propria and the submucosa
334
Between which two layers would you find the submucosal nerve plexus?
muscularis mucosa and submucosal
335
What is peristalsis? And how does it compare to mixing?
peristalsis is the movement of food through he GI tract while mixing doesn't move the food but mechanically digests it
336
Retroperitoneal means _______ the peritoneum while intraperiotoneal means ______ the peritoneum.
behing
| within
337
What are long/short reflexes?
long reflexes are signals received from the ANS within the medulla
Short reflexes are signals received from the enteric nervous system within the GI tract wall
338
During which phase of deglutition does the physical swallowing of a bolus from oral cavity to esophagus occur?
pharyngeal
339
Why is the most superior portion of the esophagus made with skeletal muscle while the most inferior portion is made with smooth muscle?
the superior portion is made with skeletal muscle to propel the food out of the pharynx faster, to allow for another inhalation/exhalation.
The inferior portion is made with smooth muscle because it is continuous with the smooth muscle of the stomach
340
How do surface mucus cells and neck mucus cells compare in function?
surface mcuus cells secrete mucin and an alkaline substance, needed to protect inner lining of stomach
Mucus neck cells secrete much and an acid substance to aid
341
What is pernicious anemia?
a decreased erythrocyte production due to a vitamin B12 deficiency
342
What type of cell produced HCl? How is this done without damaging the cell?
Parietal cells release both H+ and CL- into the gastric gland where they combine to form HCl
343
Nervous and hormonal control of the stomach causes what?
A change in the force of contraction, but not the rate as well as gastric secretion releases
344
What triggers the cephalic reflex and what does the reflex cause?
thoughts, smells, sight or taste of food will rigger it and it will cause an increase in both gastric secretions and force of contractions
345
What does gastrin do that the cephalic and gastric reflexes do not
stimulate the contraction of the pyloric sphincter
346
What three structures within the SI increase surface area?
circular folds, villi, microvilli
347
Where in the SI would you find lacteals and what is their function?
within the lamina propria of the villi, absorb fat from the GI tract
348
What is the gastoileal reflex and what trigger it?
movement of gastric contents from ileum to decorum, it is stimulated by food entering the stomach
349
What is a cupful cell? and where would you find it within the liver?
a macrophage within the hepatic sinusoid capillaries
350
Where is bile made? stored? and what is its function?
made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, aids in the emulsification (mechanical digestion) of fats
351
What is released from the pancreas to help neutralize the acidic nature of the chyme that enters the duodenum?
HC03-
352
What does the large intestines absorb?
water, electrolytes, vitamins B and K
353
Why do we have bacteria within our LI?
to aid in the breakdown of nutrients that made it to the LI as well as produce vitamin B and K
354
KNOW AND BE ABLE TO EXPLAIN THE 3 PHASES OF DEGLUTITION
?
355
BE ABLE TO LIST THE FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF ENZYMES NEEDED FOR CHEMICAL DIGESTION AND WHAT THEY DIGEST
?
356
BE ABLE TO LIST THE FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF ENZYMES NEEDED FOR CHEMICAL DIGESTION AND WHAT THEY DIGEST
?
357
KNOW WHAT HAPPENS TO GLUCOSE AFTER IT ENTERS TEH BODY?
?
358
KNOW THE 3 YPES OF FATTY ACIDS AND THEIR STRUCTURES, BE ABLE TO BIVE AN EXAMPLE OF EACH
?
359
KNOW THE 4 PHASES OF ATP PRODUCTION AND WHERE GLUCOSE, TRIGLYCERIDES, AND AMINO ACIDS COULD ENTER THIS CYCLE
?
