Chapter 17 Notes

Question 1

Observational learning requires 4 things:

Processes Governing Observational Learning:

Answer 1

(1) attention to a model
(2) representation of observations (language in various forms)
(3) behavioral production
(4) motivation to perform the modeled behavior

Question 2

Bandura characteristic of humans is

Answer 2

plasticity

Question 3

triadic reciprocal causation model includes

Answer 3

behavioral, environment, and personal factors (thoughts, cognition, self-efficacy)

Question 4

Two important environmental forces in the triadic model are

Answer 4

chance encounters and fortuitous events

Question 5

5 Tenets of Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory

Answer 5

plasticity
triadic reciprocal causation
human agency (includes self-efficacy)
external and internal factors
moral agency (agentic perspective)

Question 6

Enactive Learning

Answer 6

behavior can be learned when people think about and evaluate the consequences of their behaviors

we anticipate the effects of cold, wet weather and dress accordingly

Question 7

Bandura (1986) criticized those theorists who attribute the cause of human behavior to

Answer 7

internal forces such as instincts, drives, needs, or intentions

Question 8

Chance Encounters and Fortuitous Events are part of which aspect of the triadic reciprocal causation

Answer 8

environment

and they are not totally uncontrollable - increase your chances of meeting people if you leave you apartment

Question 9

4 Core Features of Human Agency

Answer 9

intentionality
forethought
self-reactiveness
self-reflectiveness

Question 10

Self-Efficacy is part of which aspect of the triadic reciprocal causation

Answer 10

P (person) factor

Question 11

What Is Self-Efficacy?

Answer 11

factors that relate to their beliefs that they can or cannot execute the behavior necessary to produce desired outcomes in any particular situation

distinguished between efficacy expectations and outcome expectations

People can have high self-efficacy in one situation and low self-efficacy in another

Question 12

4 things that contribute to Self-Efficacy

Answer 12

(1) mastery experiences
(2) social modeling - Watching a swimmer of equal ability fail to negotiate a choppy river will likely dissuade the observer from attempting the same task
(3) social persuasion - person must believe the persuader
(4) physical and emotional states

Question 13

Proxy Agency

Answer 13

people have the capacity to rely on others for

goods and services

Question 14

Collective Efficacy

Answer 14

the confidence people have that their combined efforts will bring about group accomplishments

Question 15

4 aspects that can undermine collective efficacy

Answer 15

depletion of the ozone layers
recent technology that people neither understand
bureaucratic structures
magnitude of human problems

Question 16

Self-Regulation

Answer 16

When people have high levels of self-efficacy, are confident in their reliance on proxies, and possess solid collective efficacy, they will have considerable capacity to
regulate their own behavior

Question 17

External Factors in Self-Regulation

Answer 17

parents and teachers

monetary retainer or praise and encouragement from others

Question 18

Internal Factors in Self-Regulation

Answer 18

(1) self-observation
(2) judgmental processes
(3) self-reaction

Question 19

Self-Regulation Through Moral Agency

Answer 19

1) doing no harm to people

2) proactively helping people

Question 20

selective activation is

Answer 20

self-regulatory influences are not automatic but operate only if they are activated

Question 21

disengagement of internal control

Answer 21

by justifying the morality of their actions, they can separate or disengage themselves from the consequences of their behavior; we need war to fight off evil

Question 22

4 ways which we disengage/selectively deactivate internal control

Answer 22

1) Redefine the Behavior - moral justification, euphemistic labels such as jews are vermin, advantageous comparisons
2) distort the Consequences of Behavior - I beat the child but he needed discipline
3) Dehumanize or Blame the Victims
4) Displace or Diffuse Responsibility

Question 23

depression can occur in any of the three self-regulatory sub-functions

Answer 23

(1) self-observation - misjudge performance
(2) judgmental processes - set their standards unrealistically high so that any personal accomplishment will be judged as a failure
(3) self-reactions - treat themselves badly for their shortcomings

Question 24

Phobias

Answer 24

difficult to extinguish because the phobic person simply avoids the threatening object

Question 25

Aggression: five reasons

Answer 25

They enjoy inflicting injury on the victim (positive reinforcement);

they avoid or counter the aversive consequences of aggression by others (negative reinforcement);

they receive injury or harm for not behaving aggressively (punishment);

They live up to their personal standards of conduct by their aggressive behavior (self reinforcement);

they observe others receiving rewards for aggressive acts or punishment for nonaggressive behavior

Question 26

The ultimate goal of social cognitive therapy is

Answer 26

self-regulation

emphasizes cognitive mediation, especially
perceived self-efficacy

Question 27

Therapy Methods

Answer 27

introduces strategies designed to induce specific
behavioral changes, to generalize those changes to other situations, and to maintain those changes by preventing relapse

gradual shaping with wide generalization then narrower

overt or vicarious learning ; in film, videos of others

covert or cognitive modeling, the therapist trains patients to visualize models performing fearsome behaviors

enactive mastery, requires patients to perform those behaviors that previously produced incapacitating fears; Patients, while relaxed, enact the least threatening behavior and then gradually move through the hierarchy until they can perform the most threatening activity, all the while remaining at a low state of emotional arousal

Question 28

Related Research

Answer 28

self efficacy is crucial to lessening the detrimental impact of the threat. Religiosity is one, but probably not the only, way to derive a stronger sense of self-efficacy during
such threats

Question 29

Define and give examples of observational learning

Answer 29

people learn through observing others and by attending to the consequences of their own actions. Although he believes that reinforcement aids learning, he contends that people can learn in the absence of reinforcement and even of a response

Question 30

Describe Bandura’s approach to understanding dysfunctional behavior

Answer 30

Dysfunction behavior is learned through the mutual interaction of the person (including cognitive and neurophysiological processes), the environment (including interpersonal relations), and behavioral factors (especially previous experiences with reinforcement)

Depression
Phobias
Aggression

Question 31

Explain the differences between efficacy expectations and outcome expectations

Answer 31

I can have efficacy about doing my best at job interview but the outcomes are determined by so many more factors so that’s a different kind of expectation

Question 32

List three differences between Skinner’s and Bandura’s theories.

Answer 32

In contrast to Skinner, Bandura

(1) recognizes that chance encounters and fortuitous events often shape one’s behavior
(2) places more emphasis on observational learning
(3) stresses the importance of cognitive factors in learning
(4) suggests that human activity is a function of behavior and person variables, as well as the environment
(5) believes that reinforcement is mediated by cognition