Quiz form B Flashcards
1
Q
According to Horney, Western society hinders people’s attempts to find love by:
Select one:
a. rewarding aggressiveness and competitiveness.
b. rewarding failure.
c. instilling feelings of free choice.
d. rewarding aggressiveness and competitiveness and instilling feelings of free choice.
e. none of the choices are correct.
A
d. rewarding aggressiveness and competitiveness and instilling feelings of free choice.
2
Q
Bandura calls situations in life beyond one’s deliberate control:
Select one:
a. chance encounters.
b. fortuitous events.
c. destiny.
d. chance encounters and fortuitous events.
A
d. chance encounters and fortuitous events.
3
Q
Which Sullivanian needs must be satisfied for the general well being of the organism? Select one: a. survival b. dynamic c. interpersonal Incorrect d. general e. zonal
A
d. general
4
Q
For May, neurotic symptoms: Select one: a. represent a failure in adjustment. b. preserve one's Dasein c. decrease ontological guilt. d. lead to agape.
A
b. preserve one’s Dasein
5
Q
Thorndike’s original law of effect stated that:
Select one:
a. responses that are followed immediately by a satisfier tend to be stamped in.
b. responses that are followed immediately by an annoyer tend to be stamped out.
c. both a and b are correct.
d. none of the above are correct.
A
c. both a and b are correct.
6
Q
McCrae and Costa (1996) objected to earlier personality theories as over-relying on:
Select one:
a. laboratory evidence.
b. factor analysis.
c. theory.
d. clinical experiences and armchair speculation.
A
d. clinical experiences and armchair speculation.
7
Q
In Jungian psychology, the ego is to consciousness as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is to the whole personality. Select one: a. unconscious b. collective unconscious c. libido d. self e. conscious
A
d. self )
8
Q
Skinner’s technique of “doing something else” is used:
Select one:
a. solely with self-control.
b. solely with social control.
c. with either self-control or social control.
d. with neither self-control nor social control.
A
a. solely with self-control.
9
Q
In psychoanalytic theory, unacceptable drives and impulses are repressed by the: Select one: a. id. b. aggressive drive. c. superego. d. ego at the urging of the superego. e. ego-ideal.
A
d. ego at the urging of the superego.
10
Q
Adler would see an individual’s inconsistent behaviour as:
Select one:
a. evidence of a variety of basic motives.
b. a person’s attempt to strive for superiority.
c. a symptom of schizophrenia.
d. a conscious means of acquiring social interest.
A
b. a person’s attempt to strive for superiority.
11
Q
Erikson's core pathology of the play age is: Select one: a. inferiority. b. shame. c. doubt. d. inhibition. e. aimlessness.
A
d. inhibition.
12
Q
Which did Fromm not list as a sadistic tendency?
Select one:
a. the need to accept criticism from others
b. the need to gain power over others
c. the need to exploit and use others
d. the desire to see others suffer
e. none of the choices
A
a. the need to accept criticism from others Correct(ch07)
13
Q
The purpose of Kelly’s fixed-role therapy is to:
Select one:
a. solve specific problems.
b. reconstruct permeable personal constructs.
c. allow clients to discover hidden aspects of themselves.
d. help clients function more productively in their jobs.
e. help clients function more productively in their marriages.
A
c. allow clients to discover hidden aspects of themselves.
14
Q
Bandura believes that cognition:
Select one:
a. is solely responsible for behaviour.
b. serves as an autonomous force within the person.
c. is determined by behaviour and environment.
d. both a and b are correct.
e. a, b, and c are all correct.
A
c. is determined by behaviour and environment.
15
Q
For Rotter, the component “freedom of movement” is analogous to the more specific concept of: Select one: a. behavioral potential. b. needs. c. reinforcement value. d. need potential. e. expectancy
A
e. expectancy
16
Q
“A widening commitment to take care of the persons, the products, and the ideas one has learned to care for” is what Erikson called: Select one: a. intimacy. b. care. c. procreativity. d. generativity. e. generalized sensuality.
A
b. care.
17
Q
Mischel suggests that one reason why our behaviour tends to be inconsistent is that we:
Select one:
a. have no unifying master motive.
b. have difficulty predicting the behaviour of others.
c. lack a consistent philosophy of life.
d. answers a, b, and c are all correct.
e. none of the above choices are correct.
A
b. have difficulty predicting the behaviour of others.
18
Q
Research by Hazan and Shaver found that people whose adult love relationships include trust, closeness, and positive emotions had which early childhood attachment style? Select one: a. neurotic symbiotic b. anxious-resistant c. secure d. anxious-avoidant
A
c. secure
19
Q
According to Jung, individuation, or self-realization:
Select one:
a. is common among young people.
b. requires inflating the ego.
c. involves replacing the ego with the self.
d. develops one function exclusively.
A
c. involves replacing the ego with the self.
20
Q
Sullivan believed that intimacy should develop during:
a. infancy.
b. childhood.
c. the juvenile era.
d. preadolescence.
e. early adolescence.
A
d. preadolescence.
21
Q
The ultimate value of any theory depends on its: Select one: a. usefulness. b. truthfulness. c. reliability. d. simplicity.
A
a. usefulness.
22
Q
which statement best characterizes the relationship between a theory and a hypothesis?
Select one:
a. A theory is narrower than a hypothesis.
b. A theory is directly verifiable, a hypothesis is not.
c. A theory is logically deduced from a specific hypothesis.
d. A theory may generate one or more hypotheses
A
d. A theory may generate one or more hypotheses
23
Q
For Maslow, coping behaviour is usually: Select one: a. learned. b. conscious. c. effortful. d. all the choices are correct.
A
d. all the choices are correct.
24
Q
Allport favoured a view of personality that regards behaviour as: Select one: a. proactive. b. reactive. c. homeostatic. d. learned. e. nonscientific.
A
a. proactive.
25
According to Freud's theory, anxiety:
Select one:
a. results from repression of libidinal impulses.
b. represents one type of defense mechanism.
c. instigates repression.
d. is a property of the superego.
e. is felt by the id.
c. instigates repression.
26
```
Horney believed that neurotics move toward people because they experience:
Select one:
a. deep feelings of helplessness.
b. painful feelings of inferiority.
c. painful feelings of isolation.
d. deep feelings of love and affection.
```
a. deep feelings of helplessness.
27
```
The transformation of instinctual drives into socially productive forces, such as art, science, and religion, is what Freud called:
Select one:
a. regression.
b. rationalization.
c. sublimation.
d. acting out.
e. isolation.
```
c. sublimation.
28
```
For May, the source of humanity's most intense pleasure and its most pervasive anxiety is:
Select one:
a. care.
b. sex.
c. eros.
d. nonbeing.
```
b. sex.
29
Freud hypothesized that a permissive, accepting attitude of parents during toilet training is likely to lead to which behaviours as the child grows to adulthood?
Select one:
a. generosity and benevolence
b. stubbornness, compulsiveness, and miserliness
c. masochism and/or sadism
d. sexual dysfunction and aggression
a. generosity and benevolence
30
```
Which object relations theorist spent much time observing normal babies as they bonded with their mothers during the first 3 years of life?
Select one:
a. Melanie Klein
b. Margaret Mahler
c. Otto Kernberg
d. Heinz Kohut
```
b. Margaret Mahler
31
According to Bandura, disengagement of internal control is most likely to occur when:
Select one:
a. a lawbreaker on trial attempts to convince the judge or jury of her innocence.
b. an otherwise law-abiding citizen attempts to convince himself that his criminal acts are justified.
c. the unconscious mind gains control of the conscious mind.
d. the conscious mind gains control of the unconscious mind.
b. an otherwise law-abiding citizen attempts to convince himself that his criminal acts are justified.
32
Skinner believed that people:
Select one:
a. can design a society that will produce psychologically healthy personalities.
b. are by nature good and self-directed.
c. are by nature bad and must be controlled to protect society from their criminal behaviour.
d. will become loving, self-directed, and self-actualizing when all their basic needs are satisfied.
a. can design a society that will produce psychologically healthy personalities.
33
```
Fromm called our capacity to be aware of ourselves as a separate entity:
Select one:
a. self-awareness.
b. a sense of identity.
c. transcendence.
d. a frame of orientation.
Feedback
```
b. a sense of identity.
34
```
or Fromm, the relatively permanent way in which people relate to themselves and to the world is called:
Select one:
a. character.
b. transcendence.
c. personality.
d. reception.
```
a. character.
35
Bandura reasons that if behaviour were completely a function of the environment:
Select one:
a. the capacity for self-consciousness would not exist.
b. behaviour would be totally consistent and unchanging.
c. reciprocal determinism would control behaviour.
d. behaviour would be more varied and less consistent.
d. behaviour would be more varied and less consistent.
36
For Fromm, psychologically disturbed people have:
Select one:
a. received too much love from their mothers.
b. have failed to establish union with others.
c. have failed to resolve their normal Oedipus complex.
d. answers a and c are both correct.
e. answers a and b are both correct.
Feedback
b. have failed to establish union with others.
37
Maslow assumed that:
Select one:
a. motivation is usually complex.
b. people are continually motivated by one need or another.
c. people in different cultures are motivated by the same basic needs or desires.
d. all the choices are correct.
d. all the choices are correct.
38
```
In a state of disorganization, people's behaviour may be consistent with their:
Select one:
a. actualizing tendency.
b. shattered self-concept.
c. formative tendency.
d. disorganizational tendency.
```
b. shattered self-concept.
39
```
For May, freedom of being is synonymous with:
Select one:
a. existential freedom.
b. essential freedom.
c. freedom of action.
d. freedom from destiny.
e. intentional freedom.
```
b. essential freedom.
40
Horney believed that people are:
Select one:
a. innately healthy.
b. innately neurotic.
c. born with a potential for psychological health, but that this potential must be developed in a warm and loving atmosphere.
d. born with the potential for psychological health, but that this potential must be developed in an atmosphere of competition.
c. born with a potential for psychological health, but that this potential must be developed in a warm and loving atmosphere.
41
According to Freud, normally, in post-Oedipal identification with his father, a boy:
Select one:
a. accepts homosexual feelings toward his father.
b. rejects the hated and feared father.
c. wants to be his father.
d. identifies with his father's morals and ideals.
d. identifies with his father's morals and ideals.
42
```
Kelly's view of human nature was essentially:
Select one:
a. optimistic.
b. pessimistic.
c. deterministic.
d. causal.
e. biological.
```
a. optimistic.
43
```
According to Eysenck, high P scorers are:
Select one:
a. punctual and precise.
b. caring and cooperative.
c. social and agreeable.
d. impulsive and hostile.
```
d. impulsive and hostile.
44
Before developing fixed-role therapy, Kelly used an unusual procedure for modifying constructs. This procedure involved:
Select one:
a. encouraging clients to act out dreams.
b. offering clients “preposterous interpretations” to explain their behaviour.
c. using himself as the model to be imitated in therapy.
d. refusing to see clients for six months after the initial therapy session.
b. offering clients “preposterous interpretations” to explain their behaviour.
45
```
According to Eysenck's findings, cold, nonconforming, and aggressive personalities tend to score high on:
Select one:
a. extraversion.
b. introversion.
c. neuroticism.
d. psychoticism.
```
d. psychoticism.
46
In general, studies using the POI and the Short Index of the POI have found that self-actualizing people usually:
Select one:
a. resist or reject socially desirable cultural standards.
b. are low in creativity.
c. lack close interpersonal relationships.
d. all the choices are correct.
a. resist or reject socially desirable cultural standards.
47
```
From Adler's biography, we know that:
Select one:
a. he came from a Jewish background.
b. he had a younger brother who died in infancy.
c. he was second born.
d. none of the above choices is correct.
e. answers a, b, and c are all correct.
```
e. answers a, b, and c are all correct.
48
Maslow listed four criteria for reaching self-actualization, including:
Select one:
a. having complete freedom from any type of psychopathology.
b. achieving total satisfaction of all lower needs.
c. being motivated by the B-values.
d. having solved all interpersonal problems.
c. being motivated by the B-values.
49
```
Kip seeks out powerful people to be his friends. Horney would say that Kip's need for a powerful partner:
Select one:
a. is an indication of high self-esteem.
b. is neurotic.
c. produces basic anxiety.
d. will result in shame and guilt.
```
b. is neurotic
50
```
Mahler believed that children begin to develop feelings of personal identity during which developmental stage?
Select one:
a. normal symbiosis
b. separation-individuation
c. normal autism
d. preadolescence
```
b. separation-individuation
51
```
Which of these is not characteristic of Rogers's “person of tomorrow”?
Select one:
a. openness to experience
b. trust in others
c. constant state of change
d. harmonious relations with others
```
b. trust in others
52
```
When Allport was a young man, he spent a year teaching in Europe. On his return trip home, he visited with his brother, Fayette, and had a memorable meeting with:
Select one:
a. Freud.
b. Adler.
c. Hitler.
d. Jung.
e. Churchill.
```
a. Freud.
53
```
Adler believed that maladjusted people set:
Select one:
a. their goals too low.
b. their goals too high.
c. too many goals.
d. too few goals.
```
b. their goals too high.
54
Eysenck believed that introverts are characterized by:
Select one:
a. lower levels of cortical arousal.
b. higher levels of cortical arousal.
c. low sensory threshold.
d. lower levels of cortical arousal and higher levels of cortical arousal.
e. higher levels of cortical arousal and low sensory threshold.
e. higher levels of cortical arousal and low sensory threshold.
55
```
According to Jung, which function involves perception beyond consciousness?
Select one:
a. thinking
b. feeling
c. sensation
d. intuition
```
d. intuition
56
```
Martyrs who sacrifice physical needs and personal safety for their beliefs, and heroes who risk their lives to save others illustrate Maslow's notion of:
Select one:
a. B-values.
b. metamotivation.
c. reversed order of needs.
d. self-actualization.
e. neurotic needs.
Feedback
```
c. reversed order of needs.
57
Horney believed that intrapsychic processes originate from:
Select one:
a. anatomical differences between the sexes.
b. interpersonal experiences.
c. the collective unconscious.
d. the neurotic trends.
e. instinctual strivings.
b. interpersonal experiences.
58
```
Fromm asserted that as people gained more economic and political freedom, they felt more:
Select one:
a. isolation.
b. dominance.
c. transcendence.
d. malignant aggression.
Feedback
```
The correct answer is: isolation.
59
According to Sullivan, dissociation:
a. leads to the pursuit of satisfaction.
b. is the primary form of selective inattention.
c. is a conjunctive dynamism.
d. leads to the maintenance of interpersonal security.
d. leads to the maintenance of interpersonal security.
60
According to Kelly, a person's construct system:
Select one:
a. is mostly inherited.
b. is made up of a finite number of opposite constructs.
c. prevents free choice.
d. anticipates an infinite range of events.
e. cannot tolerate incompatible subsystems.
b. is made up of a finite number of opposite constructs.
61
Horney recognized that some women may wish to be a man due to:
Select one:
a. penis envy.
b. womb envy.
c. cultural privileges for men.
d. anatomical differences between the sexes.
c. cultural privileges for men.
62
```
May said that eros:
Select one:
a. is the salivation of sex.
b. is built on the foundation of agape.
c. is the wish to establish a lasting union.
d. emerges during midlife.
```
c. is the wish to establish a lasting union.
63
When operant conditioning is used to shape complex behaviour such as playing a piano, reinforcement is applied:
Select one:
a. through successive approximations.
b. by the process of punishment.
c. through an intermediary agent.
d. by waiting for the target behaviour to appear, then rewarding it.
a. through successive approximations.
64
```
n Jungian psychology, religious fanatics swept up in a strongly felt cause are frequently introverted ______________ types.
Select one:
a. intuiting
b. thinking
c. sensing
d. judging
```
a. intuiting
65
```
Rogers referred to the tendency for the person of tomorrow to live in the present moment as:
Select one:
a. self-actualization.
b. positive regard.
c. existential living.
d. transcendence of time.
```
c. existential living.
66
```
May was influenced by Søren Kierkegaard's view of anxiety as a struggle against:
Select one:
a. nonbeing.
b. destiny.
c. fate.
d. intentionality.
```
a. nonbeing.
67
```
Adler's concept of standing still is similar to Freud's concept of:
Select one:
a. fixation.
b. repression.
c. regression.
d. sublimation.
e. projection.
```
a. fixation.
68
Sullivan's concept of humanity includes the notion that:
Select one:
a. people become humans through their interpersonal relations
b. people are driven by animal instincts from which they cannot escape.
c. differences among humans are more important than their similarities.
d. people are doomed to develop malevolent transformations to feel as though they were living among their enemies.
a. people become humans through their interpersonal relations
69
A useful theory must be falsifiable, which means that it:
Select one:
a. will eventually be proven false.
b. must be precise enough to suggest research that may either support or fail to support its major tenets.
c. should be flexible enough to encompass opposing data into its framework.
d. must be either true or false.
b. must be precise enough to suggest research that may either support or fail to support its major tenets.
70
```
According to Freud, the ego's dependency on the superego results in __________ anxiety.
Select one:
a. basic
b. realistic
c. neurotic
d. moral
e. traumatic
```
d. moral
71
The night before Adler made his first trip to the United States, he dreamed that:
Select one:
a. his ship capsized and he had to swim to safety.
b. he saw Freud on board the ship and that Freud asked him to hold his coat.
c. he saw a smiling Freud on board the ship and that Freud admitted that individual psychology was superior to psychoanalysis.
d. a huge American audience was applauding loudly after one of his speeches.
a. his ship capsized and he had to swim to safety.
72
Allport's definition of personality included the notion of personality as:
Select one:
a. both dynamic and organized.
b. exclusively physiological.
c. determined in early childhood.
d. divided into two major types: introverts and extraverts.
e. all the above choices are correct.
a. both dynamic and organized.
73
```
Erikson believed that the basic strength of infancy is:
Select one:
a. hope.
b. pleasure.
c. satisfaction.
d. dependence.
e. joy.
```
a. hope.
74
```
It is not what happens around us that make us experienced; it is successive construing and reconstruing that enriches our lives. This statement reflects Kelly's ______________ corollary.
Select one:
a. range
b. fragmentation
c. commonality
d. experience
```
d. experience
75
```
Vacillating, procrastinating, or behaving compulsively are examples of which Adlerian safeguarding tendency?
Select one:
a. moving backward
b. standing still
c. hesitating
d. constructing obstacles
e. excuses
```
c. hesitating
76
```
According to Erikson, the core pathology of adolescence is:
Select one:
a. withdrawal.
b. isolation.
c. inferiority.
d. incompetence.
e. role repudiation.
```
e. role repudiation.
77
```
A compulsively neat person who is also stubborn and miserly is what Freud called an _______________ character.
Select one:
a. oral-receptive
b. oral-sadistic
c. anal
d. ego-defense
```
c. anal
78
For Allport, the term “morphogenic” refers to:
Select one:
a. patterned properties of the whole organism.
b. propriate strivings common to all people.
c. the organization aspect of the proprium.
d. motivation aspects of proactive behaviou
a. patterned properties of the whole organism.
79
```
By his own admission, Rotter was most influenced by:
Select one:
a. Freud.
b. Thorndike.
c. Jung.
d. Adler
```
d. Adler
80
Allport's view of humanity includes the idea that:
Select one:
a. people are motivated primarily to reduce tension.
b. personality is determined by cultural factors.
c. people not only seek to reduce tensions, but to establish new ones.
d. people are essentially reactive.
c. people not only seek to reduce tensions, but to establish new ones.
81
Adler believed that dreams:
Select one:
a. are expressions of infantile wishes.
b. provide clues for solving future problems.
c. are prophetic.
d. can be easily understood by the dreamer.
b. provide clues for solving future problems.
82
What is the proper place of theory within science?
Select one:
a. Theories enable scientists to know how they should live their lives.
b. Theories are tools used by scientists to give meaning to observations.
c. Theory building is the ultimate aim of science.
d. Theories play no role in scientific pursuits.
b. Theories are tools used by scientists to give meaning to observations.
83
```
Erikson suggested that the basic strength of the play age is:
Select one:
a. trust.
b. autonomy.
c. initiative.
d. purpose.
```
d. purpose.
84
According to Klein, infants use splitting as a means of:
Select one:
a. controlling conscious fantasies.
b. destroying the bad breast.
c. gaining control over their parents by dividing them against one another.
d. controlling good and bad aspects of themselves.
d. controlling good and bad aspects of themselves.
85
Which statement is most nearly true?
Select one:
a. A theory can be a practical guide for a psychotherapist.
b. Theory and practice are mutually exclusive.
c. Other things being equal, the more complex a theory, the better.
d. A good theory gives opposing answers to a single question.
a. A theory can be a practical guide for a psychotherapist.
86
According to Rogers, for a psychologically healthy person:
Select one:
a. there is a close agreement between ideal self and perceived self.
b. the organismic self learns to be consistent with the self-concept.
c. the ideal self remains on a higher level than the organismic self.
d. there is a wide gap between the ideal self and the perceived self.
a. there is a close agreement between ideal self and perceived self.
87
```
According to Horney, the underlying cause of human neuroses is:
Select one:
a. the Oedipus complex.
b. physiological deficiencies.
c. restrictive toilet training.
d. human relations.
```
d. human relations.
88
```
Jung would consider a person who relies blindly on thoughts and ideas that have been transmitted from others to be an ______________ type.
Select one:
a. extraverted feeling
b. introverted sensing
c. introverted feeling
d. extraverted intuiting
e. extraverted thinking
```
e. extraverted thinking
89
Klein claimed that infants use the paranoid-schizoid position to:
Select one:
a. strengthen their attachment to their mother.
b. escape from reality.
c. fight off threats from older siblings.
d. control the good breast and fight off its persecutors.
d. control the good breast and fight off its persecutors.
90
Klein's depressive position includes:
Select one:
a. feelings of anxiety over losing a loved object and a sense of guilt for wanting to destroy that object.
b. feelings of persecution for wanting to destroy the bad breast.
c. a desire to devour and harbour the good breast.
d. a fear of being bitten by animals.
a. feelings of anxiety over losing a loved object and a sense of guilt for wanting to destroy that object.
91
Harrison, a professional photographer, is dissatisfied with his latest work, judging several pictures as substandard according to his own criteria. Bandura would say that Harrison will probably:
Select one:
a. learn to live with substandard performance.
b. reward himself for substandard performance.
c. withhold reward for substandard performance.
d. become psychologically disturbed.
c. withhold reward for substandard performance.
92
```
Rogers's approach to therapy is best termed:
Select one:
a. nondirective.
b. cognitive.
c. social learning.
d. client-centered.
e. rational-emotional.
```
d. client-centered.
93
During transitional periods between Sullivanian stages of development, previously dissociated or selectively inattended experiences:
a. are consensually validated with peers.
b. lead to the malevolent transformation.
c. result in completely new not-me or bad-me personifications.
d. may be permitted into the self-system.
d may be permitted into the self-system
94
The key, ideal factor that has allowed Costa and McCrae to investigate the trait-structure of personality has been:
Select one:
a. the re-emergence in the 1970s of traits as the most viable explanation for personality.
b. the mentoring of Walter Mischel for both researchers.
c. serendipity and good fortune.
d. the existence of large, well-established dataset of adults through the NIH in Baltimore, Maryland.
d. the existence of large, well-established dataset of adults through the NIH in Baltimore, Maryland.
95
According to Jung, the shadow:
Select one:
a. is the archetype of darkness and repression.
b. springs from the personal conscious.
c. represents humanity's search for transcendence.
d. all the choices are correct.
a. is the archetype of darkness and repression.
96
Concerning reinforcement, Skinner would most likely say that:
Select one:
a. money is an innate reinforcer.
b. money is reinforcing because it has value.
c. money has value because it is reinforcing.
d. all the above choices are correct.
c. money has value because it is reinforcing.
97
According to Rotter, the behaviour potential in any situation is a function of:
Select one:
a. expectancy.
b. reinforcement value.
c. both expectancy and reinforcement value.
d. neither expectancy nor reinforcement value.
c. both expectancy and reinforcement value.
98
```
In Jung's theory, the process of actualizing the various components of personality best describes:
Select one:
a. individuation.
b. introversion.
c. extraversion.
d. style of life.
e. active imagination.
```
a. individuation.
99
Which of the following is not one of Mischel and Shoda's cognitive-affective units?
Select one:
a. self-efficacy
b. encoding strategies
c. goals and values
d. competencies and self-regulatory strategies
e. expectancies and beliefs
a. self-efficacy
