Short Answers Flashcards
1
Q
- List five assumptions Maslow made concerning motivation.
A
(1) the whole organism is motivated at any one time;
(2) motivation is complex, and unconscious motives often underlie behavior;
(3) people are continually motivated by one need or another;
(4) people in different cultures are motivated by the same basic needs; and
(5) the basic needs can be arranged on a hierarchy.
2
Q
- Name two characteristics that make physiological needs different from other needs.
Maslow
A
1 - physiological needs, such as oxygen, food, water - SURVIVAL
2 - The only needs that can be fully or overly satisfied
3
Q
- Explain the difference between reputation and self-esteem.
Maslow
A
How others see you
How you see yourself
4
Q
Explain the differences between expressive and coping behavior.
Maslow
A
5 conative are coping
Playing piano for beauty’s sake is expressive - slouching
5
Q
- Explain the difference between instinctoid and noninstinctoid needs.
Maslow
A
Instinctoid needs are persistent and necessary for survival while non are not
Can be modified by environment
6
Q
- List three criteria used to identify self-actualizing people.
Maslow
A
Lack of psychopathology
Acceptance of B values
Satisfaction of lower 4 needs
7
Q
- According to Maslow, why might a person have a Jonah complex?
A
Can’t handle the rush
False humility
8
Q
Explain Fromm’s concept of existential dichotomies.
A
How do we make meaning when we are going to die
Can actualize but no time
Need to love and strive for it but it fucks us up but we keep trying
They are dichotomies because you can’t solve them, but you have reason powers so you want to solve them cuz it’s in your nature to try and solve
9
Q
- List and discuss the five human needs as seen by Fromm.
A
relatedness transcendence rootedness Identity Frame of orientation
10
Q
- What did Fromm mean by “burden of freedom”?
A
Lost connection with nature and instincts and have reason and this leads to isolation and anxiety from too much political freedom
Freaks of the universe
11
Q
- Discuss Fromm’s four nonproductive orientations and one productive orientation.
A
Marketing Hoarding Receptive Exploitative P: biophilia - love of man and nature
12
Q
Discuss Fromm’s concept of the syndrome of decay.
A
Necrophilia
Malignant narcism
Incestuous symbiosis
13
Q
1 Explain the difference between a trait and a personal disposition.
Allport
A
common trait is a way of comparing in the arena of comparable aspects
Disposition is particular to the individual
14
Q
- Discuss Allport’s concept of a psychologically healthy person.
A
Psychologically healthy people are motivated largely by conscious processes; have an extended sense of self; relate warmly to others; accept themselves for who they are; have a realistic perception of the world; and possess insight, humor, and a unifying philosophy of life.
15
Q
- Explain the difference between motivational and stylistic personal dispositions.
Allport
A
Motivational = basic needs = intensely felt, initiates action
Stylistic how you dress or talk, guides action
16
Q
Discuss Allport’s idea of a proprium and explain why he used that term instead of “self.”
A
The proprium refers to those behaviors and personal dispositions that are
warm and central to our lives and that we regard as peculiarly our own.
Self is a more complete picture of all that is happening whereas proprium is what we usually identify with
17
Q
From Allport’s point of view, explain the difference between a functionally autonomous motive and a habit in the process of becoming extinct.
A
Habit needs initial reinforcement and if it doesn’t have it then it becomes extinct whereas functionally autonomous finds new reinforcements that were not a part of the original plan and thus lives on in an evolved form
18
Q
Explain Allport and Ross’s Religious Orientation Scale (ROS). What does it measure? What personal characteristics are associated with high scores on the ROS?
A
Extrinsic and intrinsic value with regard to religion
High scores on extrinsic = prejudice and worse health
19
Q
I. Define a unipolar trait.
A
Unipolar traits are scaled from zero to some large amount. Height, weight, and intellectual
ability are examples of unipolar traits.
20
Q
List and elaborate on McCrae and Costa’s five factors.
A
Extraversion
sociability and impulsiveness and physiologically by a low level of cortical arousal. Introverts, by contrast, are characterized by unsociability and caution and by a high level of cortical arousal.
Neuroticism
stability at the other. High scores on N may indicate
anxiety, hysteria, obsessive-compulsive disorders, or
criminality.
Conscientiousness
ordered, controlled, organized, ambitious, achievement focused, and self-disciplined.
Open
people who prefer variety from those who have a need for closure and who gain comfort in their association with familiar people and things
Agreeableness
soft-hearted people from ruthless ones. People who score in the direction of agreeableness tend to be trusting, generous, yielding, acceptant, and good-natured
21
Q
Explain the difference between the Five Factor Model and the Five-Factor Theory.
A
Taxonomy/theory that predicts personality
22
Q
Explain the difference between the self-concept and objective biography.
Traits
A
Self concept is how you see yourself and describe yourself / OB is all that has happened to you in your life
23
Q
List and discuss McCrae and Costa’s predicting of behavior by an understanding of three central or core components and the three peripheral ones.
A
Core components:
basic tendencies (what you are),
characteristic adaptations (how you adapt),
self-concept (part of character but so big needs its own)
Peripheral:
Biological
objective bio
external influences
24
Q
- List three differences between the theories of Erikson and Freud.
A
Added and emphasized the role of social context
Focused on the 3 levels of the ego
Used psychohistory/anthropology as a mode of research
Expanded the scope of the psychosexual phases - much more elaborate
25
List and explain three additions that Erikson made to Freudian theory.
Epigenetic principle
Elaborated on the psychosexual idea
Added historical elements
26
Define and explain Erikson's epigenetic principle.
Erikson’s term meaning that one component grows out of another in its proper time and sequence.
Ego builds on previous stages - each component proceeds in a step-by-step fashion with later growth building on earlier development.
27
4. Explain the difference between psychohistory and a case history
Erikson's
A field of study that combines
psychoanalytic concepts with historical methods.
(a combination of psychoanalysis and history) Psychohistory uses all kinds of accounts - books, articles, vids etc... Case history is more confined to specific sources
28
Briefly summarize Eriksonian research on generativity in adulthood.
The results were supportive of the general notion that having a sense of generativity
is important to effective parenting. The children of highly generative parents had more
confidence in themselves, had a stronger sense of freedom, and were just generally happier
with life.
29
1. Discuss similarities and differences between object relations theory and Freudian theory
Mother as prime not father
Focuses on earlier development - ego starts in early infancy
Ego exists at birth
Focus on interpersonal relations less on biological factors
Superego preceded oedipus , much harsher
Oedipus starts earlier and ends where freud said it would peak
Built in need to reduce anxiety but human contact as opposed to sex/aggression
30
2. Discuss the role of phantasies in Klein's theory.
Good boob bad boob
31
3. Name and explain Klein's four psychic defense mechanisms.
Introjection
Projection
Splitting
Projective identification
32
4. Discuss Klein's view of the male and female Oedipus complexes
Starts earlier than freud / overlaps with the oral and anal
Suggests healthy children should retain good feelings right through progress
Male: fears dad will castrate him and then he wants to have sex with mom, and bite off dad's dick, fears retaliation and castration-anxiety ends his plight/adopts feminine position for dad at first then desires mom
Female: fantasizes that penis fills mom with baby, wants penis to fill her because mom has injured her and mom might rob me of babies. the only way to save herself is to have a baby and get filled with dad's penis (her idea of penis envy) starts at 4-6 months resolves when she can visualize both parents having a healthy sex life
33
5. List and discuss Mahler's three developmental stages.
Normal autism - just me
Normal symbiosis - me and power mom
Separation/individuation (differentiation, practicing, rapprochement, libidinal object constancy) - my own self but mom lives in me so I can deal
34
Discuss Kohut's views of object relations.
Treat infants as thought they have a sense of self
Naturally narcissistic:
need to exhibit grandiose self,
need to acquire idealized image of one or both parents
35
1. List three of Horney's criticisms of Freudian theory.
View of feminine psych
Too rigid
Too much biology
36
Name four protective mechanisms that people use to defend themselves against basic hostility and basic anxiety.
Horney's
Affection, submissiveness, power, withdrawal
37
3. List Horney's 10 neurotic needs.
```
Affection
Power partner
Restrict life
Power
Exploit others
Social recognition
Personal admiration
Personal achievement
Independence
perfection
```
38
4. List and discuss Horney's three neurotic trends.
Moving towards, against and away
39
5. List six major ways in which self-hatred is expressed.
```
Demands on self
Self accusations
Contempt
Frustration
Torment
Destructive
```
40
Discuss Horney's concept of feminine psychology, including her view of the Oedipus complex.
Penis envy is a function of the fact that men have more opportunities than women therefore they want what men have out of social/cultural, not biological reason
41
Explain Horney's concept of intrapsychic conflicts.
Due to societal contradictions, people tend to create 2 visions of themselves in order to ward off anxiety. One is a vision of themselves as perfection, and the other is an idea of themselves as completely flawed. Both, of course, are disproportionate and cause a person to spiral into deeper experiences of anxiety.
In the first instance, people create an "Idealized self image" where they see themselves as a hero, genius, supreme lover, saint, god. These people are looking to be seen as perfect, strong, beautiful, unflawed. In doing so, Horneye describes their need for glory, which relates to unattainable perfectionism, over emphasis on ambition and a triumph that seeks to put others below themselves.
Neurotic claims are another feature: Classic example: Donald Trump claims his inauguration had many more people than it did.
Neurotic pride: a pride in fictionalized accomplishments. Self-aggrandizing attitudes about one's place in society. These people avoid being challenged for fear that it will disrupt their distorted view of themselves.
On the flip side, self-hatred expresses itself with many thoughts that are un-compassionate towards one's self. Self accusations, being too demanding of one's self, being frustrated, tormenting one's self and acting out in self destructive manners are all expressions of this part of the intrapsychic conflict.
42
1. List five common elements of existentialism.
May
```
Existence over Essence
We are free and responsible
Object subject no split
Search for meaning
Theories are bunk
```
43
Distinguish between normal anxiety and neurotic anxiety, as described by May.
Proportionate, disproportionate
44
3. Explain May's concept of three forms of guilt.
Umwelt, mitwelt, eigenwelt
45
4. List and define four kinds of love.
| May
Sex, eros, philia, agape
46
5. Differentiate between existential freedom and essential freedom.
May
Existential not jail
| Essential jail
47
Discuss May's concept of destiny.
"the design of the universe speaking through the design of each one of us." In other words, our destiny includes the limitations of our environment and our personal qualities, including our mortality, gender, and genetic predispositions.
48
May's Oedipus myth
The Oedipus myth has had a powerful effect on our culture because it deals with such common existential crises as birth, separation from parents, sexual union with one parent and hostility toward the other, independence in one's search for identity, and finally death.
49
Summarize the findings of terror management theorists, and explain how these findings relate to Rollo May's existential theory of personality.
cultural worldviews (religion, politics, and social norms) and self-esteem function to defend people against thoughts of death, so that when death becomes salient through disasters, death of a loved one, or images of death, people respond by clinging more closely to cultural worldviews and bolstering their self-esteem.
Relates to morbidity salience. Our anxiety around dying and becoming nothing causes us to seek ways to deal with this fear. Culture, self-esteem are 2 ways in which we do so. Things that remind us that we are animal nature remind us of death and culture is the opposite because it is a human endeavor, and one that can last beyond the grave.
50
9. Discuss the interrelationship between care, love, and will
May
Care is an active process that suggests that things matter. Love means to care, to delight in the presence of another person, and to affirm that person's value as much as one's own. Care is also an important ingredient in will, defined as a conscious commitment to action.
51
10. Explain how physical fitness can be a defense against mortality awareness.
May
found support for the hypothesis that, for people who value health and fitness, thoughts of death are related to greater interest in health-related behaviors.
52
Explain how seemingly contradictory behaviors may reflect a single goal of striving for superiority
Adler
Although behaviors may appear inconsistent, when they are viewed from the perspective of a final goal, they appear as clever but probably unconscious attempts to confuse and subordinate other people. This confusing and seemingly inconsistent behavior gives the erratic person the upper hand in an interpersonal relationship. Although erratic people are often successful in their attempt to gain superiority over others, they usually remain unaware of their underlying motive and may stubbornly reject any suggestion that they desire superiority over other people
I may appear helpless but in this way I make you my slave to help me then become superior to you
53
Summarize recent research on early recollections
Adler
The general direction of a participant’s career path could be identified from themes seen in early recollections. These vignettes are consistent with Alder’s view of early recollections and demonstrate how style of life may relate to occupational choice.
54
1. Name four differences between the theories of Adler and Freud.
view on women - masculine protest - their wives
Less emphasis on unconscious
More teleological
Main goal in life is not the cessation of drive based anxiety, but striving for success based on social interest
optimistic
55
2. List and briefly explain six major tenets of Adler's theory.
```
striving for superiority or success
- social interest
Personality is unified
Creative power is responsible for
Style of life
Subjective perceptions
```
56
Name three contributing factors to abnormality, according to Adler.
Lack of courage
Lack of social interest
Too much inferiority
57
Describe how Freud's childhood experiences may have influenced his theory of personality
his mother's favorite wished his younger brother would die, and he did at 6 months resulting in guilt that was later vanquished when he learned that a lot of people experience that wish as a jew, thought that his opportunities in physiology would be limited so he moved into psychiatry and nervous diseases
58
Discuss recent research related to Freud's concept of dreams
In line with wish fulfillment - students are asked to not think about something that they want b4 going to sleep and then they dream about it
59
3. List several personal qualities of Freud that contributed to his psychoanalytic theories.
Was determined to make a mark have a theory - cocaine
Women middle class were his patients
Wished his brother would die and he did so he felt guilty
Jewish so moved into psychiatry for more opportunity
60
Discuss research on Jungian typology as a means of selecting engineering students.
result supports the congruency or fit theory of persons and organizations, which states that those who do best in certain professions are those whose personality type matches closest with those already in the profession
61
Explain the difference between a complex and an archetype
A complex is a core pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes in the personal unconscious organized around a common theme, such as power or status.
He believed that universal, mythic characters—archetypes—reside within the collective unconscious of people the world over
62
Name steps a person must master in order to reach the stage that Jung called self-realization
They can recognize their shadow as their own, become partially conscious of their feminine or masculine side, and cultivate more than a single function. This process, which Jung called individuation or self-realization
+ the self unifies the archetypes
63
Discuss the importance of Jung's encounter with his anima
Jung believed that the anima originated from early men’s experiences with women—mothers, sisters, and lovers—that combined to form a generalized picture of woman. In time, this global concept became embedded in the collective unconscious of all men as the anima archetype. Since prehistoric days, every man has come into the world with a predetermined concept of woman that shapes and molds all his relationships with individual women. A man is especially inclined to project his
anima onto his wife or lover and to see her not as she really is but as his personal and collective unconscious have determined her. This anima can be the source of much misunderstanding in male-female relationships, but it may also be responsible for the alluring mystique woman has in the psyche of men
The anima need not appear in dreams as a woman, but can be represented by a feeling or mood. Thus, the anima influences the feeling side in man and is the explanation for certain irrational moods and feelings. During these moods a man almost never admits that his feminine side is casting her spell; instead, he either ignores the irrationality of the feelings or tries to explain them in a very rational masculine manner. In either event
he denies that an autonomous archetype, the anima, is responsible for his mood
64
Give specific examples of ways in which Jung's personal life may have influenced his theory of personality
Mid life break after splitting with freud and encounter with anima
Early life was ambitious and became a doctor
Two relationships with women - one for personality #1 and #2 brought out different sides of him
- He saw his mother as having two separate dispositions. On one hand, she was realistic, practical, and warmhearted, but on the other, she was unstable,
mystical, clairvoyant, archaic, and ruthless. An emotional and sensitive child,
could be related to the Great Mother which is destruction and nourishment
Jung identified more with this second side of his mother, which he called her No. 2 or night personality (Alexander, 1990). At age 3 years, Jung was separated from his
mother, who had to be hospitalized for several months, and this separation deeply troubled young Carl. For a long time after, he felt distrustful whenever the word
“love” was mentioned. Years later he still associated “woman” with unreliability, whereas the word “father” meant reliable—but powerless (Jung, 1961).
65
Give examples from literature, mythology, or fairy tales of the great mother archetype.
Cinderella, whose fairy godmother is able to create for her a world of horses, carriages, fancy balls, and a charming prince. However, the powerful godmother could also destroy that world at the strike of midnight
66
Jung describes 4 stages of development:
1) Childhood - birth to puberty, which he breaks down into three phases:
- Anarchic,
- Monarchic
- Dualistic
these 3 sub-phases express the development of awareness and the ego in terms of progressing from seeing oneself as objective to subjective... seeing oneself in the 3rd person to the 1st person POV
2) Youth - puberty until about 35 - 40
- extraverted goals
- focused on personality number 1
- independence from parents, school/training, career success, relationship and family
3) Mid life - 35/40 until old age
- a time to turn inwards
- to focus on the goal of self-realization
- let go of youthful goals, as the fruits of earlier ambitions won't be as satisfying in this phase
- discover new meaning in life
4) Old age
- preparing for death by thinking of death as a natural progression from life
- taking stock of life
- a time for psychological rebirth and possibly considering life after death in the form of religion, mythology
67
Compare Rogers' concepts of the formative tendency and the actualizing tendency.
Only humans can actualize Formative is tendency to get from simple to more complicated
68
Discuss Rogers' concept of self-actualization.
Lack of psychopathology, when self regard is met and all fulfilling goals of enhancement are met then they can self-actualize
69
Discuss Rogers' concept of self-actualization.
Lack of psychopathology, when self regard is met and all fulfilling goals of enhancement are met then they can self-actualize
70
# Define conditions of worth.
Rogers
Conditional love
71
List and briefly explain the "necessary and sufficient" conditions for psychological growth.
Rogers
vulny client, counselor congruence, positive regard, empathic listening
72
5. Define incongruence and discuss how a person might become incongruent.
Rogers
Gap between ideal and organismic - conditions of worth early on in life
73
List two criticisms of the Rep Test (+ preposterous interpretations + fixed role)
Kelly
Reliability and validity of the instrument are not very high, and its usefulness depends largely on the skill and experience of the examiner
74
Anxiety
Kelly
“the recognition that the events with which one is
confronted lie outside the range of convenience of one’s construct system”
She had never before negotiated over such a large
amount of money, and therefore this experience was outside the range of her convenience.
As a consequence, she felt anxiety,
75
Explain the difference between a concept and a construct.
Kelly
Kelly believed that people look at their world through templates that they create and then attempt to fit over the realities of the world. He called these templates, or transparent patterns, personal constructs, which he believed shape behavior
76
List Kelly's four elements that result in psychological disturbance.
Threat, fear, anxiety, guilt
77
3. Explain the difference between threat and fear.
Threat relates to the idea of who you are vs real fear of danger
78
4. Explain the purpose of fixed-role therapy.
Kelly
Expand the borders of how you might act
79
# Define and give examples of observational learning
Bandura
people learn through observing others and by attending to the consequences of their own actions. Although he believes that reinforcement aids learning, he contends that people can learn in the absence of reinforcement and even of a response
80
Describe Bandura's approach to understanding dysfunctional behavior
Dysfunction behavior is learned through the mutual interaction of the person (including cognitive and neurophysiological processes), the environment (including interpersonal relations), and behavioral factors (especially previous experiences with reinforcement)
Depression
Phobias
Aggression
81
Explain the differences between efficacy expectations and outcome expectations
Bandura's
I can have efficacy about doing my best at job interview but the outcomes are determined by so many more factors so that's a different kind of expectation
82
List three differences between Skinner's and Bandura's theories.
In contrast to Skinner, Bandura
(1) recognizes that chance encounters and fortuitous events often shape one's behavior
(2) places more emphasis on observational learning
(3) stresses the importance of cognitive factors in learning
(4) suggests that human activity is a function of behavior and person variables, as well as the environment
believes that reinforcement is mediated by cognition
83
1. Explain the difference between classical and operant conditioning.
Operant emitted organism operates on the environment to produce a specific effect
Classical - elicited is opposite - environment works on you - car/sexy model
84
2. Explain three essential components of operant conditioning.
Antecedent
Behavior
consequence
85
4. Name two effects of reinforcement.
Strengthens behavior in a particular way
86
5. Explain three undesirable effects of punishment.
- Suppress behavior but doesn't change the feeling he has for his sister
- Spread of effects - behavior becomes maladaptive
- More along the lines of a conditioned response - elicits anxiety instead of reshaping the behavior
87
6. List three forces that shape human behavior, according to Skinner.
Personal history of reinforcement
Natural selection
cultural evolution
