Chapter 2 Part 2.

Question 1

What are the unique properties of water?

Answer 1

(1) its virtuosity as a dissolving agent
(2) its high heat capacity
(3) its high heat of vaporization
(4) water molecules are cohesive (cling together)
(5) is adhesive (they cling to other molecules)
(6) is very interactive w/other elements
(7) is a solvent
(8) helps prevent dramatic changes in body temperature

Question 2

Why is water able to prevent dramatic changes in body temperature?

Answer 2

high heat capacity and high heat of vaporization

Question 3

Water’s unusual qualities can be traced to its _______

Answer 3

polarity

Question 4

What is polarity?

Answer 4

the tendency of its molecules to have positive and negative regions and the hydrogen bonds between its molecules

Question 5

Unequal covalent bonds are called ______

Answer 5

polar

Question 6

What are polar molecules?

Answer 6

molecules with unevenly distributed charges

Question 7

What is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 7

the attraction between a slightly positively charged hydrogen atom and a slightly negatively charged atom nearby

Question 8

True or False: Hydrogen bonds are stronger than ionic and covalent bonds

Answer 8

False; Hydrogen bonds are weaker than ionic and covalent bonds

Question 9

How are hydrogen bonds represented in a structural formula?

Answer 9

by dotted lines

Question 10

What is the difference between acids and bases?

Answer 10

Acid- anything that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when placed in water

Base- anything that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when placed in water

Question 11

Acid _________ the concentration of H+ in solution

Answer 11

increases

Question 12

_____ increases the concentration of H+ in solution

Answer 12

Acid

Question 13

______ decrease the concentration of H+ in solution

Answer 13

Bases

Question 14

Bases _________ the concentration of H+ in solution

Answer 14

decrease

Question 15

What is pH?

Answer 15

a measure of hydrogen ion concentration within a solution

Question 16

What is the pH scale?

Answer 16

ranges from 0 to 14

Question 17

pH of 7 is _______

Answer 17

neutral

Question 18

the lower the pH the more _______

Answer 18

acidic

Question 19

What are buffers?

Answer 19

keep pH values form changing dramatically

Question 20

What is acid precipitation?

Answer 20

rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5.6 (the pH of natural precipitation)

Question 21

What are the major causes of acid precipitation?

Answer 21

burning of fossil fuels in cars, factions, and power plants

Question 22

What are some of the effects it can have on humans?

Answer 22

irritation and respiratory illnesses such as asthma and bronchitis

Question 23

____ ___________ has been linked to the decline of forests, and to decreases in aquatic organisms

Answer 23

Acid precipitation

Question 24

Acid precipitation has been linked to the decline of _______, and to decreases in _______ _________

Answer 24

forests

aquatic organisms

Question 25

What are macromolecules?

Answer 25

exceptionally large molecules

Question 26

What are polymers?

Answer 26

macromolecules that consist many small, repeating molecular subunits linked in a chain

Question 27

How do polymers form?

Answer 27

through dehydration synthesis (aka condensation reaction)

Question 28

What are monomers?

Answer 28

small molecular subunits that form the building blocks of the polymer

Question 29

_________ requires the addition of water across the covalent bonds

Answer 29

Hydrolysis

Question 30

What does the body use hydrolysis for?

Answer 30

to break many polymers apart

Question 31

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 31

provide fuel (or energy) for the human body

Question 32

Carbohydrates are also known as ______ and ________

Answer 32

sugars | starches

Question 33

Carbohydrates are made entirely of ______, _______, and _______ with each molecule having twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms

Answer 33

carbon hydrogen oxygen

Question 34

Carbohydrates are made entirely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with each molecule having twice as many ________ atoms as _______ atoms

Answer 34

hydrogen | oxygen

Question 35

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 35

the smallest molecular units of carbohydrates

Question 36

Monosaccharides are also known as _______ ______

Answer 36

simple sugars

Question 37

What is pentose?

Answer 37

a sugar that contains 5 carbons

Question 38

What is hexose?

Answer 38

a sugar that contains 6 carbons

Question 39

What is a oligosaccharide?

Answer 39

chains of a few monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis

Question 40

Oligosaccharide: | _____= "few"

Answer 40

oligo

Question 41

Oligosaccharide: | oligo= "____"

Answer 41

"few"

Question 42

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 42

a type of oligosaccharide; | a double sugar that forms when two monosaccharides covalently bond to each other

Question 43

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 43

a complex carbohydrate that forms when monosaccharides (most commonly glucose) join together in long chains

Question 44

What is the purpose of polysaccharides?

Answer 44

most store energy or provide structure

Question 45

What is the storage polysaccharide called in plants and humans?

Answer 45

starch for plants | glycogen for humans

Question 46

What is glycogen?

Answer 46

a short-term energy source that can be broken down to release energy-laden glucose molecules

Question 47

What is cellulose?

Answer 47

a structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants