Chapter 8a

Question 1

What is a psychoactive drug?

Answer 1

a drug that alters one’s mood or emotional state

Question 2

How do psychoactive drugs alter the communication between neurons?

Answer 2

1) may stimulate the release of a neurotransmitter and enhance the response of the receiving neuron
2) may inhibit the release of a neurotransmitter and thus dampen the response of the receiving neuron
3) it may increase and prolong the effect of a neurotransmitter by delaying its removal from the gap between neurons
4) may bind to the receptor and affect the activity of the receiving neuron

Question 3

Psychoactive drug users may develop some level of ___________ or ________ dependence on the drug

Answer 3

psychological

physical

Question 4

What is the difference between tolerance and dependence?

Answer 4

tolerance- a progressive decrease in the effectiveness of a drug in a given person

dependence- the state in which the drug is necessary for physical or psychological well-being

Question 5

What is cross-tolerance?

Answer 5

occurs when tolerance to one drug results in a lessened response to another, usually similar, drug

Question 6

alcoholic is ________

Answer 6

ethanol

Question 7

What is ethanol?

Answer 7

a small molecule that is soluble in both fat and water

Question 8

How is ethanol produced?

Answer 8

by fermentation

Question 9

What is fermentation?

Answer 9

when yeast cells break down sugar to release energy their own use

Question 10

The taste of alcohol is determined by the source of the ______ (fruit or vegetable)

Answer 10

sugar

Question 11

___% of the alcohol that enters the body is metabolized before it’s eliminated

Answer 11

95%

Question 12

True or False: There are ways to increase the rate of alcohol metabolism

Answer 12

False; There is no way to increase the rate of alcohol metabolism

Question 13

Alcohol is a __________

Answer 13

depressant

Question 14

How does alcohol affect the nervous system?

Answer 14

numbed nerve cells send slower messages, resulting in slower reflexes

Question 15

alcohol is metabolized in the ______

Answer 15

liver

Question 16

What is alcoholic hepatitis?

Answer 16

the accumulated fat in liver cells also reduces blood flow through the liver, causing inflammation

Question 17

What are the symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis?

Answer 17

fever and tenderness in the upper abdominal region

Question 18

What is cirrhosis?

Answer 18

fibrous scar tissue may form; which further impedes blood flow and impairs liver functioning

Question 19

What can cirrhosis lead to?

Answer 19

intestinal bleeding
kidney failure
fluid accumulation
eventually death

Question 20

A person who drinks is twice as likely to develop cancer of the _______, _______, or ________

Answer 20

mouth
tongue
esophagus

Question 21

True or False: Moderate amounts of alcohol can be good for the heart

Answer 21

True

Question 22

__________ is the most widely used illegal drug in the United States today

Answer 22

Marijuana

Question 23

Marijuana consists of the leaves, flowers, and stems of the Indian hemp plant, _________ _______

Answer 23

Cannabis sativa

Question 24

Marijuana receptors are most highly concentrated in regions involved in _________ and _______ and in ______ _______ areas

Answer 24

thinking
memory
motor control

Question 25

_______ acts in brain regions where neurons communicating using endorphins

Answer 25

heroin

Question 26

____ and “_______” (_____) act in brain regions where neurons communicate using serotonin

Answer 26

LSD | "ecstasy" (MDMA)

Question 27

________ and ___________ act in brain regions where neurons communicate using dopamine and norepinephrine

Answer 27

cocaine | amphetamine

Question 28

What are stimulants?

Answer 28

drugs that excite the central nervous system

Question 29

What are the 3 types of stimulants?

Answer 29

1) cocaine 2) amphetamines 3) nicotine

Question 30

Which type of stimulant is this: | synthetically produced stimulants that closely resemble dopamine and norepinephrine

Answer 30

amphetamines

Question 31

Which type of stimulant is this: | the psychoactive ingredient in tobacco products; a stimulant that activated acetylcholine receptors

Answer 31

nicotine

Question 32

What are hallucinogens?

Answer 32

grouped together because of their similar effects, even though they have very different structures

Question 33

What are the different types of hallucinogens?

Answer 33

LSD | ecstacy

Question 34

What are the effects of hallucinogens?

Answer 34

visual, auditory, or other distortion of sensation vivid, unusual changes in thought and emotions

Question 35

What are opiates?

Answer 35

natural or synthetic drugs that affect the body in ways similar to morphine, the major pain-relieving agent in opium

Question 36

What are the different types of opiates?

Answer 36

prescription painkillers | heroin