Chapter 2 Pt. 4

Question 1

What are the main structures of a protein?

Answer 1

1. Primary Structure
2. Secondary Structure
3. Tertiary Structure
4. Quaternary Structure

Question 2

Which structure of a protein is this:

the particular sequence of amino acids

Answer 2

Primary Structure

Question 3

Which structure of a protein is this:
consists of patterns known as helices and pleated sheets, which are formed by certain kinds of bends and coils in the chain; as a result of hydrogen bonding

Answer 3

Secondary Structure

Question 4

Which structure of a protein is this:

the overall 3-dimensional shape of the protein

Answer 4

Tertiary Structure

Question 5

Which structure of a protein is this:

results from the assembled subunits

Answer 5

Quaternary Structure

Question 6

What determines what’s in the primary structure of a cell?

Answer 6

genes

Question 7

What happens if there are slight changes in the primary structure?

Answer 7

can alter a protein’s shape and ability to function

Question 8

What happens if there are alterations in the secondary structure?

Answer 8

can transform the protein into a prion

Question 9

What is a prion?

Answer 9

an infectious agent

Question 10

What happens if there are changes in the environment of the tertiary structure?

Answer 10

can cause denaturation

Question 11

What is a denaturation?

Answer 11

the molecule unravels and loses its 3-dimensional shape

Question 12

What are subunits?

Answer 12

proteins that consist of two or more polypeptide chains

Question 13

What are enzymes?

Answer 13

substances (almost always proteins) that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process

Question 14

The equation that summarizes how an enzyme speeds up a chemical: _______+ ________———> enzyme-substrate complex———> enzyme + product

Answer 14

enzyme

substrate

Question 15

The equation that summarizes how an enzyme speeds up a chemical:
enzyme+ substrate———> _______-________ ________———> enzyme + product

Answer 15

enzyme-substrate complex

Question 16

The equation that summarizes how an enzyme speeds up a chemical:
enzyme+ substrate———> enzyme-substrate complex———> _______ + ________

Answer 16

enzyme

product

Question 17

What is a substrate?

Answer 17

the substance at the start of the process

Question 18

What is a product?

Answer 18

the substance at the end

Question 19

What is an active site?

Answer 19

the location where the substrate binds on the enzyme

Question 20

What is the result of the active site?

Answer 20

an enzyme-substrate complex

Question 21

Sometimes enzymes need _________

Answer 21

cofactors

Question 22

What are cofactors?

Answer 22

nonprotein substances that help them convert substrate to product

Question 23

Some cofactors permanently reside at the enzymes ______ ____ at the same time as the _______

Answer 23

active site

substrate

Question 24

Cofactors can be ________ or ________

Answer 24

organic

inorganic

Question 25

What is an example of enzyme deficiency?

Answer 25

lactose deficiency (or intolerance)

Question 26

What are coenzymes?

Answer 26

organic cofactors

Question 27

Genes, our units of inheritance, are segments of long polymers called _____________ _____ (____)

Answer 27

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 28

What are the two types of nucleic acids in our cells?

Answer 28

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 29

Both ____ and ____ are polymers of smaller units called nucleotides, joined together into chains through dehydration synthesis

Answer 29

DNA | RNA

Question 30

Both DNA and RNA are polymers of smaller units called _________, joined together into chains through dehydration synthesis

Answer 30

nucleotides

Question 31

Both DNA and RNA are polymers of smaller units called nucleotides, joined together into chains through ___________ _________

Answer 31

dehydration synthesis

Question 32

The sequence of ______ in DNA and RNA determines the sequence of ______ _____ in a protein

Answer 32

bases | amino acids

Question 33

What are the nitrogen containing bases of DNA?

Answer 33

adenine (A) thymine (T) cytosine (C guanine (G)

Question 34

What are the nitrogen containing bases of RNA?

Answer 34

cytosine (C) adenine (A) guanine (G) uracil (U)

Question 35

What is the difference in how DNA and RNA are held together?

Answer 35

DNA= a double-stranded chain, held together by a double-helix RNA= single strange of nucleotides

Question 36

What is the 5 carbon sugar of DNA and RNA?

Answer 36

DNA= deoxyribose | RNA=ribose

Question 37

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

Answer 37

a nucleotide where molecules are each splitting off a phosphate group

Question 38

Earth is made up of over ___ elements

Answer 38

100

Question 39

What determines an atom's identity?

Answer 39

protons

Question 40

The majority of an atom is "______" space

Answer 40

"empty"

Question 41

_______+ _______= Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)

Answer 41

Protons | neutrons

Question 42

Protons + neutrons= ______ _____ _____ (_____)

Answer 42

Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)

Question 43

What are the elements that most (98%) living organisms are made of?

Answer 43

``` Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur ``` (CHNOPS)

Question 44

In the periodic table, the number on top of the atomic symbol is, and represents what?

Answer 44

Atomic Number (number of protons in an element)

Question 45

In the periodic table, the letter underneath the atomic number is called?

Answer 45

Atomic Symbol

Question 46

In the periodic table, the number on the bottom of the atomic symbol is called?

Answer 46

Atomic Mass (number of protons & neutrons)

Question 47

What are valence electrons?

Answer 47

electrons in the outermost shell

Question 48

True or False: Isotopes always have the same number of protons and neutrons

Answer 48

False; isotopes have the same number of protons but they can differ in the number of neutrons