Chapter 8 Pt. 3

Question 1

What is the Reticular activating system (RAS)?

Answer 1

an extensive network of neurons that runs through the medulla and projects to the cerebral cortex

Question 2

The _______ _________ _______ (____) filters sensory input and keeps the cerebral cortex in an alert state

Answer 2

reticular activating system (RAS)

Question 3

What is the spinal cord?

Answer 3

a tube of neural tissue that is continuous with the medulla at the base of the brain and extends about 45cm

Question 4

What are the 2 functions of the spinal cord?

Answer 4

(1) to transmit messages to and from the brain

(2) to serve as a reflex center

Question 5

What is a reflex arc?

Answer 5

a reflex is an automatic response to stimulus, prewired in a circuit of neurons

Question 6

The steps of the reflex arc:

1)
2) sensory messages are carried to the spinal cord by a sensory neuron
3) interneurons in the spinal cord integrate information from sensory neurons and stimulate the appropriate motor neurons
4) motor neurons stimulate the appropriate muscles
5) leg muscles contract, causing them to lift the foot off the glass

Answer 6

1) a stimulus initiates a pain sensation

Question 7

The steps of the reflex arc:

1) a stimulus initiates a pain sensation
2)
3) interneurons in the spinal cord integrate information from sensory neurons and stimulate the appropriate motor neurons
4) motor neurons stimulate the appropriate muscles
5) leg muscles contract, causing them to lift the foot off the glass

Answer 7

2) sensory messages are carried to the spinal cord by a sensory neuron

Question 8

The steps of the reflex arc:

1) a stimulus initiates a pain sensation
2) sensory messages are carried to the spinal cord by a sensory neuron
3)
4) motor neurons stimulate the appropriate muscles
5) leg muscles contract, causing them to lift the foot off the glass

Answer 8

3) interneurons in the spinal cord integrate information from sensory neurons and stimulate the appropriate motor neurons

Question 9

The steps of the reflex arc:

1) a stimulus initiates a pain sensation
2) sensory messages are carried to the spinal cord by a sensory neuron
3) interneurons in the spinal cord integrate information from sensory neurons and stimulate the appropriate motor neurons
4)
5) leg muscles contract, causing them to lift the foot off the glass

Answer 9

4) motor neurons stimulate the appropriate muscles

Question 10

The steps of the reflex arc:
1) a stimulus initiates a pain sensation
2) sensory messages are carried to the spinal cord by a sensory neuron
3) interneurons in the spinal cord integrate information from sensory neurons and stimulate the appropriate motor neurons
4) motor neurons stimulate the appropriate muscles
5)

Answer 10

5) leg muscles contract, causing them to lift the foot off the glass

Question 11

Spinal reflexes are essentially “________” made by the spinal cord

Answer 11

decisions

Question 12

What is the difference between the spinal nerves and cranial nerves?

Answer 12

spinal nerves-each originates in the spinal cord and services a specific region of the body

cranial nerves- arise from the brain and service the structures of the head and certain body parts, including the heart and diaphragm

Question 13

Spinal nerves carry both _______ and ______ fibers

Answer 13

sensory

motor

Question 14

fibers from the sensory neurons enter the spinal cord from the dorsal, or posterior, side, grouped into a bundle called the _______ ______

Answer 14

dorsal root

Question 15

the axons of motor neurons leave the ventral (front) side of the spinal cord in a bundle known as the _______ ______

Answer 15

ventral root

Question 16

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the human body?

Answer 16

31

Question 17

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there in the human body?

Answer 17

12

Question 18

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

constricts pupil

Answer 18

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 19

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

increases salivation

Answer 19

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 20

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

decreases breathing rate

Answer 20

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 21

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

slows heart rate

Answer 21

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 22

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

widens blood vessels

Answer 22

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 23

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

increases digestive activity

Answer 23

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 24

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

contracts bladder muscles

Answer 24

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 25

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system: | stimulates defecation

Answer 25

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 26

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system: | dilates pupil

Answer 26

sympathetic nervous system

Question 27

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system: | decreases salivation

Answer 27

sympathetic nervous system

Question 28

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system: | increases breathing rate

Answer 28

sympathetic nervous system

Question 29

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system: | increases heart rate

Answer 29

sympathetic nervous system

Question 30

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system: | narrows blood vessels

Answer 30

sympathetic nervous system

Question 31

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system: | slows digestive activity

Answer 31

sympathetic nervous system

Question 32

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system: | stimulates secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 32

sympathetic nervous system

Question 33

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system: | causes salt and water retention

Answer 33

sympathetic nervous system

Question 34

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system: | relaxes bladder muscles

Answer 34

sympathetic nervous system

Question 35

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system: | inhibits defecation

Answer 35

sympathetic nervous system

Question 36

What is the difference between a tension headache and a migraine headache?

Answer 36

tension headache- results due to our unconscious contractions of face and head muscles causing tension migraine headache- usually confined to one side of the head, often centered behind one eye

Question 37

What is a stroke?

Answer 37

the death of nerve cells caused by an interruption of blood flow to a region of the brain

Question 38

What are the common cause of strokes?

Answer 38

- blood clots blocking a vessel - hemorrhage from the rupture of a blood vessel in one of the meninges - the formation of fatty deposits that block a vessel

Question 39

What is a coma?

Answer 39

caused by trauma to neurons in regions of the brain responsible for stimulating the cerebrum

Question 40

What is the difference between an acquired brain injury (ABI) and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)?

Answer 40

acquired brain injury (ABI)-death of neurons from interruption of blood flow to a region of the brain Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)- damage to neurons or nerve connections form trauma

Question 41

What are the causes of an acquired brain injury (ABI)?

Answer 41

``` stroke aneurysms heart attack meningitis substance abuse ```

Question 42

What are the causes of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)?

Answer 42

``` automobile accident slip and fall sports injury gun shot explosives ```