Chapter 13 Pt. 1 (Final Exam Pt. 6)

Question 1

What are pathogens?

Answer 1

the bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungi, parasitic worms, and prions that cause disease

Question 2

What are the body’s 3 lines of defenses?

Answer 2

First Line of Defense: chemical and physical barrier

Second Line of Defense: internal cellular and chemical defenses

Third Line of Defense:
adaptive immune response, which destroys specific targets

Question 3

Which line of defense is this:

the skin and mucous membranes

Answer 3

First Line of Defense: chemical and physical barrier

Question 4

What are phagocytes?

Answer 4

specialized “scavenger” cells; engulf pathogens, damaged tissue, or dead cells by the process of phagocytosis

Question 5

What line of defense are phagocytes located in?

Answer 5

Second Line of Defense: internal cellular and chemical defenses

Question 6

What are the different types of phagocytes?

Answer 6

neutrophil
macrophages
eosinophil

Question 7

Which type of phagocyte is this:
arrives at the sire of attack before the other types of white blood cells and immediately begins to consume the pathogens, especially bacteria, by phagocytosis

Answer 7

neutrophil

Question 8

Which type of phagocyte is this:

created when other white blood cells (monocytes) leave the vessels of the circulatory system and enter the tissue fluids

Answer 8

macrophages

Question 9

Which type of phagocyte is this:

a white blood cell that attacks pathogens that are too large to be consumed by phagocytosis, such as parasitic worms

Answer 9

eosinophil

Question 10

What is a natural killer (NK) cell?

Answer 10

a white blood cell that roams the body in search of abnormal cells and quickly orchestrated their death

Question 11

What line of defense are natural killer (NK) cells located in?

Answer 11

Second Line of Defense: internal cellular and chemical defenses

Question 12

What line of defense are interferons cells located in?

Answer 12

Second Line of Defense: internal cellular and chemical defenses

Question 13

What line of defense is the complement system located in?

Answer 13

Second Line of Defense: internal cellular and chemical defenses

Question 14

What line of defense is the inflammatory response located in?

Answer 14

Second Line of Defense: internal cellular and chemical defenses

Question 15

What are interferons?

Answer 15

small proteins that act to slow the spread of viruses already in the body

Question 16

What is the complement system?

Answer 16

a group of at least 20 proteins whose activities enhance, or complement, the body’s other defense mechanisms

Question 17

What are the effects of complement system?

Answer 17

• destruction of pathogens
• enhancement of phagocytosis
• stimulation of inflammation

Question 18

What is an inflammatory response?

Answer 18

a series of events that happen when body tissues are injured or damaged

Question 19

What are the 4 cardinal signs of the inflammatory response?

Answer 19

(1) Redness
(2) Heat
(3) Swelling
(4) Pain

Question 20

What is histamine?

Answer 20

a substance released during allergic reactions and inflammation

Question 21

What line of defense is the fever located in?

Answer 21

Second Line of Defense: internal cellular and chemical defenses

Question 22

What is a fever?

Answer 22

an abnormally high body temperature

Question 23

Fevers are caused by ________.

Answer 23

pyrogens

Question 24

How does a (mild or moderate) fever helps the body fight bacterial infections?

Answer 24

• slowing the growth of bacteria

- stimulating body defense responses

Question 25

What are the important characteristics of the Third Line of Defense: Adaptive Immune Response?

Answer 25

(1) is directed at a particular pathogen | (2) the adaptive immune response has memory

Question 26

What are MHC markers?

Answer 26

serve as flags declaring the cell as a “friend”

Question 27

What does MHC marker stand for?

Answer 27

major histocompatibility complex

Question 28

What is an antigen?

Answer 28

a non self substance or organism that triggers an immune response; declares a cell as “foe”

Question 29

certain white blood cells, called ___________, are responsible for both the specificity and the memory of the adaptive immune response

Answer 29

lymphocytes

Question 30

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?

Answer 30

(1) B lymphocytes | (2) T lymphocytes

Question 31

Which lymphocyte is this: | aka B cells

Answer 31

B lymphocytes

Question 32

Which lymphocyte is this: | mature in bone marrow

Answer 32

B lymphocytes

Question 33

Which lymphocyte is this: | aka T cells

Answer 33

T lymphocytes

Question 34

Which lymphocyte is this: | mature in the thymus gland, which overlies the heart

Answer 34

T lymphocytes

Question 35

Which lymphocyte is this: | develop the ability to distinguish cells that belong in the body fro those that do not

Answer 35

T lymphocytes

Question 36

Which lymphocyte is this: circulate through the body, bumping into other cells and checking to be sure those cells have the correct self (MHC) maker

Answer 36

T lymphocytes

Question 37

What are the 2 lines of cells formed by B cells and T cells?

Answer 37

(1) effector cells | (2) memory cells

Question 38

What is the difference between effector cells and memory cells?

Answer 38

effector cells- carry out the attack on the enemy memory cells-long-lived cells that “remember” that particular invader and mount a rapid, intense response to it if it should ever appear again