Chapter 2 Pt. 1

Question 1

What is chemistry?

Answer 1

the branch of science concerned with the composition and properties of substances, including the stuff our bodies are built from

Question 2

What is matter?

Answer 2

anything that takes up space and has mass

Question 3

How is matter measured?

Answer 3

often in grams or kilograms (or ounces and pounds)

Question 4

What are the three states of matter?

Answer 4

solids, liquids, and gases

Question 5

matter is made up of ______

Answer 5

atoms

Question 6

What are atoms?

Answer 6

units of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means

Question 7

In an atom; the ________ is at it’s center, and a surrounding spherical “cloud” of ________

Answer 7

nucleus

electrons

Question 8

Electrons move around the _______ and occur at certain energy levels called _____

Answer 8

nucleus

shells

Question 9

What is a shell?

Answer 9

3 dimensional spaces

Question 10

How many electrons does the shell closest to the nucleus have?

Answer 10

2 electrons

Question 11

How many electrons does the shell second closest to the nucleus have?

Answer 11

8 electrons

Question 12

Electrons with the most energy are found ________ from the nucleus

Answer 12

farthest

Question 13

What type of charge do electrons have?

Answer 13

negative

Question 14

Atoms with more than ___ electrons have additional shells

Answer 14

10

Question 15

What does the number of electrons in the outermost shell determine?

Answer 15

an atom’s chemical properties

Question 16

Electrons with the most energy are found ________ from the nucleus

Answer 16

farthest

Question 17

What type of charge does an electron, neutron, and proton have?

Answer 17

electron=negative
neutron=neutral
proton=positive

Question 18

Most atoms have the same number of _______ and ________

Answer 18

protons

electrons

Question 19

What is an element?

Answer 19

a pure form of matter containing only one kind of atom

Question 20

What is an atomic number?

Answer 20

the number of protons in the atom’s nucleus

Question 21

What is the approximate mass of protons and neutrons?

Answer 21

1 atomic mass unit

Question 22

What is the approximate mass of electrons?

Answer 22

0

Question 23

The ______ _____ for any _____= the number of protons + the number of neutrons

Answer 23

atomic mass

atom

Question 24

The atomic mass for any atom= the number of _______ + the number of neutrons

Answer 24

protons

Question 25

The atomic mass for any atom= the number of protons + the number of ________

Answer 25

neutrons

Question 26

What is the difference between isotopes and radioisotopes?

Answer 26

isotopes- atoms that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons (some elements have both stable & unstable isotopes) radioisotopes- unstable, radiation-emitting isotopes

Question 27

What are some examples of radioisotopes?

Answer 27

- radio waves - light - heat - the excess energy or particles given off by unstable isotopes as they break down

Question 28

How can radiation be dangerous?

Answer 28

- absorption can lead to damage of organs (i.e. skin) and development of some cancers - it may alter the hereditary material in the cells of the reproduction system

Question 29

How can radiation be useful?

Answer 29

medical professionals use it for: diagnosis and therapy, and killing cancer cells

Question 30

What is a compound?

Answer 30

2 or more elements combining to form a new chemical substance

Question 31

How are atoms (or ions) held together in a compound?

Answer 31

by chemical bonds

Question 32

When atoms form bonds they _____, _____, or ______ the electrons in their outermost shell

Answer 32

lose gain share

Question 33

When atoms form bonds they lose, gain, or share the electrons in their ________ shell

Answer 33

outermost

Question 34

What are the 2 types of chemical bonds found in compounds?

Answer 34

(1) Covalent Bond | (2) Ionic Bond

Question 35

Which type of chemical bond is this: | forms when 2 or more atoms share electrons in their outer shells

Answer 35

Covalent Bond

Question 36

Which type of chemical bond is this: | “opposites attract”

Answer 36

Ionic Bond

Question 37

What is a molecule?

Answer 37

a chemical structure held together by covalent bonds

Question 38

What are the different types of covalent bonds?

Answer 38

single covalent bond- a bond in which a single pair of electrons is shared double (or triple) covalent bonds- two atoms share two (or three pairs) of electrons

Question 39

How are covalent bonds represented in a structural formula?

Answer 39

single covalent bond= single line | double covalent bond (or two pairs of shared elements)=double lines

Question 40

What is an ion?

Answer 40

an atom or group of atoms that carries either a positive (+) or a negative (-)

Question 41

How do ions form?

Answer 41

the tendency of atoms to attain a complete outermost shell

Question 42

Electrical charges, in ionic bonds, result from the _______ (not sharing) of ________ between atoms

Answer 42

transfer | electrons