Chapter 13 Pt. 2 (Final Exam Pt. 7)

Question 1

What are the 2 types of specific defenses that the body has?

Answer 1

(1) antibody-mediated immune respones

(2) cell-mediated immune responses

Question 2

Which specific defenses of the body is this:

defend primarily against antigens found traveling freely in intercellular and other body fluids

Answer 2

antibody-mediated immune respones

Question 3

Which specific defenses of the body is this:

warriors are B cells (aka plasma cells)

Answer 3

antibody-mediated immune respones

Question 4

Which specific defenses of the body is this:

weapons Y-shaped proteins called antibodies, neutralize and remove potential threats from the bod

Answer 4

antibody-mediated immune respones

Question 5

Which specific defenses of the body is this:
protect against cellular pathogens or abnormal cells, including body cells that have become infected with viruses or other pathogens and cancer cells

Answer 5

cell-mediated immune responses

Question 6

What is the difference between helper T cell (T cells), effector T cell(cytotoxic), and suppressor T cell?

Answer 6

helper T cell (T cells)-the “on” switch for both lines of immune response

effector T cell(cytotoxic)-Responsible for cell-mediated immune responses

suppressor T cell-The “off” switch for both lines of immune responses

Question 7

Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response:
Step 1: Threat 
Step 2: Detection 
Step 3: Alert 
Step 4: Alarm 
Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection)
Step 6: Defense 
Step 7: Continued surveillance 
Step 8: Withdrawal of forces 

What happened during step 1?

Answer 7

foreign cell or molecule enters the body

Question 8

Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response:
Step 1: Threat 
Step 2: Detection 
Step 3: Alert 
Step 4: Alarm 
Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection)
Step 6: Defense 
Step 7: Continued surveillance 
Step 8: Withdrawal of forces 

What happened during step 2?

Answer 8

macrophage detects foreign cell or molecule and engulfs it

Question 9

Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response:
Step 1: Threat 
Step 2: Detection 
Step 3: Alert 
Step 4: Alarm 
Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection)
Step 6: Defense 
Step 7: Continued surveillance 
Step 8: Withdrawal of forces 

What happened during step 3?

Answer 9

• macrophage puts antigen from the pathogen on its surface and finds the helper T cell with correct receptors for that antigen
• macrophage presents antigen to the helper T cell
• macrophage alerts the helper T cell that there is an invader that “looks like” the antigen
• macrophage activates the helper T cell

Question 10

the macrophage is an important type of ______-__________ _____ (___)

Answer 10

antigen-presenting cell (APC)

Question 11

Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response:
Step 1: Threat 
Step 2: Detection 
Step 3: Alert 
Step 4: Alarm 
Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection)
Step 6: Defense 
Step 7: Continued surveillance 
Step 8: Withdrawal of forces 

What happened during step 4?

Answer 11

helper T cell activates both lines of defense to fight that specific antigen

Question 12

Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response:
Step 1: Threat 
Step 2: Detection 
Step 3: Alert 
Step 4: Alarm 
Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection)
Step 6: Defense 
Step 7: Continued surveillance 
Step 8: Withdrawal of forces 

What happened during step 5?

Answer 12

antibody-mediated defense
cell-mediated defense
clonal selection

Question 13

Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response:
Step 1: Threat 
Step 2: Detection 
Step 3: Alert 
Step 4: Alarm 
Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection)
Step 6: Defense 
Step 7: Continued surveillance 
Step 8: Withdrawal of forces 

What happened during step 6?

Answer 13

antibody-mediated defense
cell-mediated defense
plasma cells
antibodies

Question 14

Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response:
Step 1: Threat 
Step 2: Detection 
Step 3: Alert 
Step 4: Alarm 
Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection)
Step 6: Defense 
Step 7: Continued surveillance 
Step 8: Withdrawal of forces 

What happened during step 7?

Answer 14

memory cells formed when helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B cells were activated remain to provide swift response if the antigen is detected again

Question 15

Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response:
Step 1: Threat 
Step 2: Detection 
Step 3: Alert 
Step 4: Alarm 
Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection)
Step 6: Defense 
Step 7: Continued surveillance 
Step 8: Withdrawal of forces 

What happened during step 8?

Answer 15

once the antigen has been destroyed, suppressor T cells shut down the immune response to that antigen

Question 16

What are antibodies?

Answer 16

Y-shaped proteins that recognize a specific antigen by its shape

Question 17

What are antibodies?

Answer 17

Y-shaped proteins that recognize a specific antigen by its shape

Question 18

Antibodies are also called ____________ (___)

Answer 18

immunoglobulins (Ig)

Question 19

Antibodies are also called ____________ (___)

Answer 19

immunoglobulins (Ig)

Question 20

What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity?

Answer 20

active immunity- the body actively participates in forming memory cells to defend against a particular antigen

passive immunity- results when a person receives antibodies that were produced by another person or animal

Question 21

______ ________ may occur when an antigen infects the body, or through vaccination

Answer 21

active immunity

Question 22

a vaccination is also known as an ___________

Answer 22

immunization

Question 23

True or False: passive immunity lasts a long time

Answer 23

False; passive immunity is short-lived

Question 24

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 24

identical antibodies that bind to a specific antigen

useful in research and in the diagnosis and treatment of disease

Question 25

What are autoimmune disorders?

Answer 25

occur when the immune system fails to distinguish between self and non self and attacks the tissues or organs of the body

Question 26

What is an allergy?

Answer 26

an overreaction by the immune system to an antigen (in this case called an allergen)

Question 27

What is the most common type of allergy?

Answer 27

hay fever

Question 28

steps in an allergic reaction: (1) (2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen (3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues (4) More of the same allergen invades the body (5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules (6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling. (7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus

Answer 28

(1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body

Question 29

steps in an allergic reaction: (1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body (2) (3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues (4) More of the same allergen invades the body (5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules (6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling. (7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus

Answer 29

(2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen

Question 30

steps in an allergic reaction: (1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body (2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen (3) (4) More of the same allergen invades the body (5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules (6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling. (7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus

Answer 30

(3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues

Question 31

steps in an allergic reaction: (1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body (2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen (3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues (4) (5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules (6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling. (7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus

Answer 31

(4) More of the same allergen invades the body

Question 32

steps in an allergic reaction: (1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body (2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen (3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues (4) More of the same allergen invades the body (5) (6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling. (7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus

Answer 32

(5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules

Question 33

steps in an allergic reaction: (1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body (2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen (3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues (4) More of the same allergen invades the body (5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules (6) (7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus

Answer 33

(6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling.

Question 34

steps in an allergic reaction: (1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body (2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen (3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues (4) More of the same allergen invades the body (5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules (6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling. (7)

Answer 34

(7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus

Question 35

What is virulence?

Answer 35

the relative ability of a pathogen to cause disease

Question 36

What are the different types of pathogens?

Answer 36

``` prions parasitic worms fungi protozoans bacteria ```

Question 37

What are the 3 common shapes of the bacteria?

Answer 37

(1) coccus-sphere (2) bacillus- rod (3) spirilla- spiral or corkscrew

Question 38

Bacteria can rapidly reproduce, due to being able to reproduce asexually in type of cell division called ________ _______

Answer 38

binary fission

Question 39

What is binary fission?

Answer 39

the bacterial genetic material (DNA) is copied, the cell is pinched in half, and each new cell contains a complete copy of the original genetic material

Question 40

What are bacterias defenses?

Answer 40

flagella | pili

Question 41

How can bacteria be beneficial?

Answer 41

food production significant role in the environment genetic engineering

Question 42

What are antibiotics?

Answer 42

chemicals that inhibit the growth of microorganisms