Chapter 26 - Air and Water Pollution Flashcards
(38 cards)
Approximately what percentage of the US population lives in areas that are noncompliant with NAAQS?
A. 10
B. 20
C. 50
D. 90
C. 50
The Clean Air Act of 1970 established…
A. OSHA
B. USEPA
C. FDA
D. USDA
B. USEPA
How many chemicals are listed as hazardous air pollutants under the Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990?
A. 8
B. 26
C. 188
D. 421
C. 188
In terms of excess mortality, particulate matter air pollution is most pronounced in…
A. Eastern Europe
B. US
C. Latin America
D. India
D. India
All of the following are fuel additives except…
A. Hexachlorophene
B. Organic oxygenates
C. Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl
D. Platnium compounds
A. Hexachlorophene
All of the following are common symptoms associated with sick building syndrome except…
A. Memory loss
B. Headaches
C. Fatigue
D. Nausea
A. Memory loss
A gas that is water soluble and can cause bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion in humans is…
A. Ozone
B. nitrogen dioxide
C. Sulfur dioxide
D. Carbon monoxide
C. Sulfur dioxide
Most of the irritant acid sulfates in air are neutralized by…
A. Sodium bicarbonate
B. Ammonia
C. Sodium hydroxide
D. Sodium carbonate
B. Ammonia
Which of the following statements is true?
A. Ozone does not stimulate neutrophilic lung inflammation
B. Inhaled sulfuric acid disturbs eicosanoid homeostasis
C. Inhaled sulfuric acid stimulates neutrophilic lung inflammation
D. The primary concern with exposure to inhaled sulfuric acid is long-term disease secondary to connective tissue disturbances
B. Inhaled sulfuric acid disturbs eicosanoid homeostasis
The index that most correlates with the biological effects of PM is…
A. Percent organic composition
B. Percent metal composition
C. Percent total inorganic composition
D. Mass concentration
D. Mass concentration
Which of the following would likely have the lowest ratio of indoor to outdoor concentration in air?
A. CO
B. Particulate matter
C. VOCs
D. Ozone
D. Ozone
A meteorological inversion is…
A. Cold air capped over warm air
B. Warm air capped over cold air
C. Vertical mixing of cold air over warm air
D. Vertical mixing of warm air over cold
A. Cold air capped over warm air
The organ thought to be affected most by particulate-matter air pollution is…
A. Liver
B. Heart
C. Brain
D. Skin
B. Heart
All of the following are considered plausible reasons to explain the biological hazards of particulate matter air pollution except…
A. Presence of metals
B. Presence of viruses
C. Presence of organics
D. Presence of oxidants
B. Presence of viruses
The results of the Harvard Six Cities Study demonstrated all of the following except…
A. The presence of PM had a significant effect on life span
B. Presence of acid in pollution correlated better than sulfate for causing bronchitis in children
C. Presence of sulfate in pollution was better associated with acute mortality than acid
D. Presence of acid in air pollution was better associated with acute mortality than sulfate
D. Presence of acid in air pollution was better associated with acute mortality than sulfate
All of the following groups are more sensitive to air pollutants except…
A. Asthmatics
B. Farmers
C. Elderly
D. Children
B. Farmers
The air pollution that has undergone the most significant decrease since 1973 is…
A. Carbon monoxide
B. Ozone
C. Lead
D. VOCs
C. Lead
Which of the following air pollutants has had the largest percentage decrease since 1993?
A. Sulfur dioxide
B. Carbon monoxide
C. Nitrogen oxide
D. Particulate matter
A. Sulfur dioxide
Reducing-type air pollutants have historically been associated with…
A. Coal-based urban centers
B. Surburban areas
C. Rural farm areas
D. Areas having less than 10 inches of annual rainfall
A. Coal-based urban centers
All of the following statements are true except…
A. It is estimated that over 480 million people worldwide are exposed to potentially harmful levels of ozone
B. People in most industrialized countries spend more than 80% of their time indoors
C. Children are more likely to be exposed to higher levels of outdoor air pollutants compared to adults
D. Historically, oxidant-type air pollution was more likely to occur during winter months.
D. Historically, oxidant-type air pollution was more likely to occur during winter months.
Ultrafine particles are defined as…
A. < 0.001 um
B. < 0.01 um
C. < 0.1 um
D. < 2.5 um
C. < 0.1 um
All of the following statements are true regarding diesel emissions except…
A. Particulate emissions are largely ultrafine
B. Diesel exhaust induces inflammation in human airway cells
C. Ozone enhances the toxicity of diesel particle alone
D. Unlike gasoline, diesel exhaust does not contain a significant amount of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and VOCs
D. Unlike gasoline, diesel exhaust does not contain a significant amount of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and VOCs
Lung cancer has been caused in rats by overload with all of the following except…
A. Humidified air
B. Toner dust
C. Talc
D. Diesel emissions
A. Humidified air
The fact that coal miners do not seem to have a higher risk of lung cancer if they are not smokers supports the concept that…
A. Overload lung cancer may not be relevant to humans
B. Human lungs have different P450s compared to rats
C. Human lungs have different blood flow from rat lungs
D. All of the above
A. Overload lung cancer may not be relevant to humans
