the functions of the muscularskeletal system are: 1 2 3 4 5
give the body shape protect internal organs provide for movement store salts and other materials for metabolism produce red blood cells
three kinds of muscle:
cardiac
voluntary (skeletal)
involuntary (smooth)
connect the muscle to the bone
tendons
connect bone to bone
ligaments
a strong, smooth, flexible, compressible, and slippery substance found at the point of articulation of two bones. allows the bones to ride over each other during movement with relatively little friction.
cartilage
bending motion that moves the extremity toward the body
flexion
bending motion that moves the extremity away from the body
extension
movement of a body part toward the midline of the body
adduction
movement of a body part away from the midline of the body
abduction
turning along the axis of the bone or joint
rotation
movement through an arc of a circle or in a circular motion from a central point
circumduction
skeletal systems 6 basic components
skull thorax pelvis upper extremities lower extremities spine
the axial skeletal system is composed of:
head
thorax
spine
the appendicular skeletal system is made up of:
bones in extremities
including:
shoulder girdle and pelvis
bones of upper extremity: which consists of: shoulder girdle arm forearm hand
clavicle scapula humerus radius ulna carpal metacarpals phalanges
bones of the lower extremity: which consists of: pelvis thigh leg foot
pelvis (including ilium, ischium, and pubis) femur patella tibia fibula calcaneus tarsals metatarsals phalanges
a break in the continuity of a bone
fracture
s/s
pain
tenderness
deformity
discoloration
tingling or abnormal sensation; may be nerve injury
loss of feeling; may be nereve injury
weakness; may be nereve injury
loss of muscle control; may be nereve injury
inability to move the extremity
decreased pulse amplitude, increased cap refill
fracture
degenerative bone disorder associated with an accelerated loss of minerals, primarily calcium, from the bone.
osteoporosis
an injury to a muscle or a muscle and tendon, possibly caused by overextension, or overstretching.
strain
an injury to a joint capsule, with damage to or tearing of the connective tissue, and usually involves ligaments.
sprain
the displacement of a bone from its normal position in a joint.
dislocation
a force that causes injury some distance away from the point of impact
indirect force
direct blow.
direct force
a force that twists a bone while one end is held stationary
twisting force
when assessing an extremity for the possibility of a fracture or dislocation, remember to evaluate the six P’s:
pain pallor paralysis paresthesia (numbness) pressure pulses
a condition in which increased tissue pressure in a confined space causes decreased blood flow, leading to hypoxia and possible muscle, nerve, and vessel impairment, which may be permanent if the cells die
compartment syndrome