process in which the body cells break down molecules of glucose to produce energy for the body
cellular metabolism
two types of cellular metabolism
aerobic and anaerobic
the breakdown of molecules that produce energy within the cells in the presence of oxygen
aerobic metabolism
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
glycolysis
the breakdown of molecules that produce energy within the cell without the presence of oxygen
anaerobic metabolism
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
lactic acid
pyruvic
the delivery of glucose, oxygen, and other substances to the cells and the elimination of waste products from the cells
perfusion
vocal chord spasm where the vocal chords spasm and close together, which prevents air from passing through into the trachea
laryngeal spasm
a measure of the ability of the chest wall and lungs to stretch, distend, and expand
compliance
The amount of air moved in and out of the alveoli in one minute
Alveolar ventilation
cellular hypoxia can occur from:
inadequate tidal volume
ventilatory rate that is too fast
ventilatory rate that is too slow
specialized receptors that monitor the pH (hydrogen ions), CO2 and O2 levels in the arterial blood
chemoreceptors
there are two groups of chemoreceptors
central and peripheral
these receptors are most sensitive to carbon dioxide and changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid
central chemoreceptors
the molecule of carbonic acid consists of:
carbon
oxygen
hydrogen atoms from CO2 and H2O that combined create carbonic acid
these receptors are somewhat sensitive to CO2 and pH but are most sensitive to the level of oxygen in the arterial blood.
peripheral chemoreceptors
hypoxic drive
rate and depth of breathing are regulated by the amount of CO2 in the blood
hypoxia becomes the stimulus for ventilation in place of hypercarbia
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
retain CO2 in aretrial blood as a result of poor gas exchange
irritant receptors
found in the airways and are sensitive to irritating gases, aerosols and particles. Irritant receptors will stimulate a cough, bronchoconstriction, and an increased ventilatory rate
stretch receptors
found in the smooth muscle of airways and measure the size and volume of the lungs. these receptors stimulate a decrease in the rate and volume of ventilation when stretched by high tidal volumes to protect against overinflation.
j-receptors
found in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli and are sensitive to increases in pressure in the capillary. when activated, they stimulate rapid shallow ventilation
Hypoxemia
Reduced concentrations of oxygen in the blood
Protein molecule that has four iron sites for oxygen to bind to
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin with an oxygen molecule bound to it is referred to as:
Oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin that has no oxygen attached is referred to as:
Deoxyhemoglobin
The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in 1 minute
Cardiac output
Defined as the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each contraction
Stroke volume
The pressure generated in the left ventricle at the end of the diastole
Preload
The resistance in the aorta that must be overcome by contraction of the left ventricle to eject the blood
Afterload
Diastolic blood pressure
The pressure inside the arteries and the aortic root immediately prior to contraction of the left ventricle
The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Pulse pressure
The flow of blood through the smallest blood vessels–the arterioles, capillaries, and venules
Microcirculation