Chapter 8 - Pathophysiology Flashcards Preview

EMT - Basic - Prehostpital Emergency Care 10th Edition > Chapter 8 - Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Flashcards in Chapter 8 - Pathophysiology Deck (33)
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1
Q

process in which the body cells break down molecules of glucose to produce energy for the body

A

cellular metabolism

2
Q

two types of cellular metabolism

A

aerobic and anaerobic

3
Q

the breakdown of molecules that produce energy within the cells in the presence of oxygen

A

aerobic metabolism

4
Q

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

A

glycolysis

5
Q

the breakdown of molecules that produce energy within the cell without the presence of oxygen

A

anaerobic metabolism

6
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

7
Q

lactic acid

A

pyruvic

8
Q

the delivery of glucose, oxygen, and other substances to the cells and the elimination of waste products from the cells

A

perfusion

9
Q

vocal chord spasm where the vocal chords spasm and close together, which prevents air from passing through into the trachea

A

laryngeal spasm

10
Q

a measure of the ability of the chest wall and lungs to stretch, distend, and expand

A

compliance

11
Q

The amount of air moved in and out of the alveoli in one minute

A

Alveolar ventilation

12
Q

cellular hypoxia can occur from:

A

inadequate tidal volume
ventilatory rate that is too fast
ventilatory rate that is too slow

13
Q

specialized receptors that monitor the pH (hydrogen ions), CO2 and O2 levels in the arterial blood

A

chemoreceptors

14
Q

there are two groups of chemoreceptors

A

central and peripheral

15
Q

these receptors are most sensitive to carbon dioxide and changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid

A

central chemoreceptors

16
Q

the molecule of carbonic acid consists of:

A

carbon
oxygen
hydrogen atoms from CO2 and H2O that combined create carbonic acid

17
Q

these receptors are somewhat sensitive to CO2 and pH but are most sensitive to the level of oxygen in the arterial blood.

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

18
Q

hypoxic drive

A

rate and depth of breathing are regulated by the amount of CO2 in the blood
hypoxia becomes the stimulus for ventilation in place of hypercarbia

19
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

retain CO2 in aretrial blood as a result of poor gas exchange

20
Q

irritant receptors

A

found in the airways and are sensitive to irritating gases, aerosols and particles. Irritant receptors will stimulate a cough, bronchoconstriction, and an increased ventilatory rate

21
Q

stretch receptors

A

found in the smooth muscle of airways and measure the size and volume of the lungs. these receptors stimulate a decrease in the rate and volume of ventilation when stretched by high tidal volumes to protect against overinflation.

22
Q

j-receptors

A

found in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli and are sensitive to increases in pressure in the capillary. when activated, they stimulate rapid shallow ventilation

23
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Reduced concentrations of oxygen in the blood

24
Q

Protein molecule that has four iron sites for oxygen to bind to

A

Hemoglobin

25
Q

Hemoglobin with an oxygen molecule bound to it is referred to as:

A

Oxyhemoglobin

26
Q

Hemoglobin that has no oxygen attached is referred to as:

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

27
Q

The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in 1 minute

A

Cardiac output

28
Q

Defined as the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each contraction

A

Stroke volume

29
Q

The pressure generated in the left ventricle at the end of the diastole

A

Preload

30
Q

The resistance in the aorta that must be overcome by contraction of the left ventricle to eject the blood

A

Afterload

31
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

The pressure inside the arteries and the aortic root immediately prior to contraction of the left ventricle

32
Q

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

A

Pulse pressure

33
Q

The flow of blood through the smallest blood vessels–the arterioles, capillaries, and venules

A

Microcirculation

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