age range classification:
neonate
0-4 weeks
age range classification:
infant
1 mo - 1 year
age range classification:
toddler
1-3y/o
age range classification:
preschooler
3-6y/o
age range classification:
school-age
6-12y/o
age range classification:
adolescent
12-18y/o
obligate nose breather
breathing through the nose not the mouth
newborn:
HR/RR
140 bpm
40/min
1-4y/o:
HR/RR
120 bpm
30/min
4-12y/o:
HR/RR
100 bpm
20/min
> 12 y/o
HR/RR
80 bpm
15/min
1-4 week BP:
60 systolic
1mo - 1 year BP:
70 systolic
1y - 10y BP:
median normal 80 + (2x years in age)
infants “soft spot”
fontanelle
sunken fontanelle indicates:
dehydration
bulging fontanelle indicates:
increased pressure within the skull
the anterior fontanelle typically closes between ____ and ____ months
12 and 18
the posterior fontanelle typically closes by _____months
2
in infants and young children, intercostal muscle retractions will be seen in _______
mild resp distress
in infants and young children, substernal, supraclavicular, and sternal retractions would indicate _________
severe resp distress
since infections can cause both airway swelling and increased secretions in the airways and lungs, infants typically _______ to try to keep their airways and lungs open
grunt
pediatric patients are at a significant risk for the development of acute hypoglycemia because:
1
2
3
4
poor glucose stores
inability to stimulate release of glucose stores from an immature liver
an increased metabolic rate, results in the utilization of large quantities of glucose
a known hist of diabetes
the three sides of the pediatric assessment triangle (PAT):
appearance
work of breathing
circulation of skin
pediatric advanced life support (PALS) pt assessment:
consciousness
breathing
color
characteristics to assess under each PAT category:
TICLS
tone (muscle tone/movement)
interactivity and irritability
consolability
look or gaze
speech or cry
if a child is sleeping and wakes to stimulus, becomes irritable and shakes, and reverts immediately to sleep when stimulus is removed, you should suspect___________.
poor brain perfusion
a high-pitched cry is associated with _______.
brain injury
the glassy-eyed look is often seen in __________.
brain injury or infection
_______ typically indicaties collapsing bronchioles or fluid-filled alveoli.
grunting
______ is indicative of upper airway edema or partial obstruction.
stridor
________ or _________ typically indicates swelling of the laryngeal tissue.
muffled speech or hoarseness
extreme resp effort that draws the chest inward and forces the abdomen outward
seesaw breathing
infants and children should be ventilated at a rate of _______ per minute
20-25
inflammation of the larynx and trachea in children, associated with infection and causing breathing difficulties, is accompanied by a low grade fever, and is most common in children between 6mo and 4 years of age. child is typically hoarse, coughs with a harsh “seal bark” and produces stridor with inhalation.
croup
caused by a bacterial infection that inflames and causes swelling of the epiglottis
epiglottitis
s/s:
pain on swallowing
high fever - “toxic” ill-appearing child
drooling
mouth breathing
changes in voice quality and pain upon speaking
tripod
chin and neck thrust outward
inspiratory stridor
resp distress
epiglottits
long-term inflammatory process that targets the lower airways. this inflammation is characterized by increased production of mucus and an acute narrowing or the airways through inflammation of airway tissue, leading to swelling within the airways. produces wheezing heard upon ascultation
asthma
caused when the mucosal layer within the bronchioles in the lungs becomes inflamed by a viral infection.
bronchiolitis
the presenting symptoms of CHD (congenital heart disease) in the infant or child are:
1
2
OR
3
inadequate pulmonary blood flow resulting in cyanosis and hypoxia
excessive pulmonary blood flow resulting in congestive heart failure, hypoperfusion, and systemic shock
resp distress with or without cyanosis or shock
s/s:
unresponsive
gasping or no respiratory sounds
no audible heart sounds
chest that is not moving
pallor or cyanosis
absent pulses
cardiac arrest