Cuts, fractures, joint problems, headaches

Question 1

How cuts heal: cut freshly made (penetrating the epidermis and dermis)

Answer 1

Blood vessels contract to stop blood leaking out and bacteria entering the body. Meanwhile clotting substances produce thread- like structures that begin to plug the cut.

Question 2

How cuts heal: first day of healing

Answer 2

White blood cells destroy foreign particles in the healing wound, and epidermal cells start multiplying from each side of the cut

Question 3

How cuts heal: second day of healing

Answer 3

A scab seals off the wound. Below the scab, epidermal cells growing in from both sides of the cut meet to form new epidermis

Question 4

How cuts heal: healing after a week

Answer 4

The scab has fallen off to expose an area of new unbroken skin

Question 5

Fractures

Answer 5

Breaks in bones

Question 6

When are fractures especially common?

Answer 6

During old age (bones are brittle)

Question 7

Greenstick fracture

Answer 7

Incomplete break (not a clean slice all the way through) Like an attempt to chop down a tree with an axe but not cutting the entire trunk

Question 8

Simple fracture

Answer 8

Clean break with unbroken skin (bones still “together” in a way)

Question 9

Compound fracture

Answer 9

Broken bone and skin (a complete big slice, bones separate)

Question 10

Comminuted fracture

Answer 10

Shattered bone

Question 11

Signs/symptoms of fractures

Answer 11

Pain, swelling, maybe grating sounds etc.

Question 12

What device reveals fractures?

Answer 12

X - rays

Question 13

Treatment of a fracture?

Answer 13

Immobilise the limb to allow broken bone to regrow. Pinning bones is sometimes necessary

Question 14

What can cause joint problems?

Answer 14

Injury or disease

Question 15

Sprain

Answer 15

Stretching or tearing of ligaments

Question 16

Strain

Answer 16

Pull/tear of tendons or muscles

Question 17

Slipped disc

Answer 17

Bulging of a cartilage disc between two vertebrae

Question 18

Dislocation

Answer 18

Injury separating the bones of a joint

Question 19

Treatment of dislocation

Answer 19

Realignment (sometimes surgery to realign)

Question 20

Rheumatism

Answer 20

Any disorder producing pain in joints

Question 21

Rheumatism: osteoarthrosis

Answer 21

Disintegrating cartilage with pain and stiffness often in knees/hips, esp. in older people.

Question 22

Treatment for osteoarthrosis

Answer 22

Careful exercise and reduced stress on affected joints (severe cases may require surgery)

Question 23

Rheumatism: rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 23

Inflamed, swollen, painful joints with eroding bone and cartilage. Bones may fuse, giving stiffened, deformed joints

Question 24

Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 24

Rest, drugs, and in severe cases surgery

Question 25

What can cause headaches?

Answer 25

Injuries, infections, brain tumours or nervous stress

Question 26

The causes of headaches might affect what in the head?

Answer 26

Pain - sensitive nerve endings in the head

Question 27

Headaches: nasal sinuses

Answer 27

Affected by respiratory infections or allergies

Question 28

Headaches: external sources

Answer 28

Include infected or injured ears, eyes, nose, teeth, or spine; also muscular tension in the neck, scalp, and face and dilation of the temporal artery

Question 29

Migraine

Answer 29

One sided headache connected to the dilation of the temporal artery

Question 30

Headaches: internal sources

Answer 30

Pressure or inflammation affecting veins on the brain's surface, or cerebral arteries, or parts of the dura mater, or pressure or irritation affecting the trigeminal nerve

Question 31

Dura mater

Answer 31

A tough membrane surrounding the brain