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11-JOEL > ELS- 1st Quarter > Flashcards

ELS- 1st Quarter Flashcards

1
Q

3 most abundant elements

A

Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium

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2
Q

building block of galaxies

A

Stars

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3
Q

born out of clouds of gas and dust in galaxies

A

Stars

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4
Q

hot core of a future star

A

protostar

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5
Q

most stars such as the sun belong to the so-called?

A

main sequence stars

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6
Q

________ atoms are fused through _____________ reactions to make ______ atoms

A

Hydrogen atoms
Thermonuclear reactions
Helium atoms

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7
Q

Based on data, how old is the universe?

A

13.8 billion years old

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8
Q

What is the diameter of the universe?

A

at least 91 billion light years

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9
Q

In the year ____, _____ ______announced his discovery of “redshift” and its interpretation that galaxies are moving away from each other, hence as evidence for an expanding universe, just as predicted by Einstein’s Theory of _______ ___________

A

1929
Edwin Hubble
General Relativity

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10
Q

The further a star move, the more ___ it seems

A

red

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11
Q

The closer a star moves, the more ____ it seems

A

blue

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12
Q

What are the 3 Origin of the Universe?

A

Non-Scientific Thought
Steady State Model
Big Bang Theory

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13
Q

The person who set up the observations

A

Hubble or Edwin Hubble

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14
Q

the year of the detection of the cosmic microwave background

A

1970s

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15
Q

The term “Big Bang” was used in the year ____ by the astronomer ____ _____

A

1940s
Fred Hoyle

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16
Q

it postulates that 13.8 billion years ago, the universe expanded from a tiny, dense, and hot mass to its present size and much cooler state

A

Big Bang Theory

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17
Q

When was time zero?

A

13.8 billion years ago

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18
Q

What are the 6 elements produced by Big Bang Nucleosynthesis?

A

Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Protons
Neutrons
Atomic Nuclei

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19
Q

From then on until how many years did the cooling universe entered a matter-dominated period when photons decoupled from matter and light could travel freely as still observed today in the form of cosmic microwave background radiation?

A

380,000 years

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20
Q

What are the Large Scale Features of the Solar System?

A

Much of the mass of the solar system is concentrated at the center. (sun)
Orbits of the planets elliptical and are on the same plane.
All planets revolve around the sun.
The periods of revolution of the planets increase with increasing distance from the sun.
All planets are located at regular intervals from the sun.

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21
Q

What are the Small Scale Features of the Solar System?

A

Most planets rotate prograde.
Inner terrestrial planets are made of materials with high melting points such as silicates, iron, and nickel.
The outer four planets- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are called “Gas Giants” because of the dominance of gases and their larger size.

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22
Q

What are the 3 Origin of the Solar System?

A

Nebular Hypothesis
Encounter Hypothesis
Protoplanet Hypothesis

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23
Q

4 Subsystem of Earth

A

Atmosphere
Biosphere
Geosphere
Hydrosphere

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24
Q

Geosphere comes from the Greek word “___” meaning ______

A

geo
ground

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25
Q

The continent, the ocean floor, and all of the sand in the deserts are all considered part of the geosphere. Basically, if it looks like solid ground, it’s part of the ‘ground’ sphere. Hence, it includes continental and oceanic crust as well as the various layers of the Earth’s interior.

A

Geosphere

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26
Q

0-100 km thick

A

Crust

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27
Q

100km- 2900km deep

A

Mantle

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28
Q

2900km- 5100km deep

A

Outer Core

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29
Q

5100km- 6378km deep

A

Inner Core

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30
Q

Crust and uppermost Mantle

A

Lithosphere

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31
Q

How deep is Earth’s structure?

A

6,378km

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32
Q

Hydrosphere comes from the Greek word “_____” meaning _____

A

hydro
water

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33
Q

This sphere contains all the solid, liquid, and gaseous water of the planet, those from the substance and atmospheric water. This includes all of the rivers, lakes, storms, oceans, groundwater, polar ice caps, glaciers, and moisture in the air (like rain and snow)

A

Hydrosphere

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34
Q

Atmosphere comes from the Greek word “____” meaning ___

A

Atmo
air

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35
Q

Receives energy from solar radiation, which warms the Earth’s surface and is re-emitted and conducted to the atmosphere.

A

Atmosphere

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36
Q

Also absorbs water from the Earth’s surface via the process of evaporation, it then acts to redistribute heat and moisture across the Earth’s surface

A

Atmosphere

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37
Q

Biosphere comes from the Greek word “___” meaning ____

A

Bio
life

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38
Q

All the living organisms on Earth, including those on land, in the water, and in the air form part of the.

A

Biosphere

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39
Q

These living organisms form ecological communities relative to their physical surrounding referred to as ______

A

Biomes

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40
Q

4 major type of biomes that exist in the biosphere

A

aquatic, forest, desert, and tundra biomes

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41
Q

4 Layers of the Atmosphere

A

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

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42
Q

the lowest layer of the atmosphere, where we live and where weather happens

A

Troposphere

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43
Q

where temperature increases as altitude increases due to the presence of ozone (O3)

A

Stratosphere

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44
Q

the coldest region in the atmosphere is in the upper __________. This layer also protects the Earth from meteoroids

A

Mesosphere

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45
Q

the uppermost layer of the atmosphere where temperature increases with height because it is being directly heated by the sun

A

Thermosphere

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46
Q

it is the engine for life and cleans the system

A

Photosynthesis

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47
Q

Closed system for matter (2)

A

nothing disappears
uncontained matter spreads out

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48
Q

it is about the ability of human society to continue indefinitely within these natural cycles

A

Sustainability

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49
Q

These are scientists who study minerals

A

Mineralogists

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50
Q

These are building blocks of rocks

A

Minerals

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51
Q

It is defined as a naturally formed, generally inorganic, crystalline solid composed of an ordered array of atoms and having specific chemical composition

A

Minerals

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52
Q

Physical Properties of Mineral: (8)

A

Luster
Color
Streak
Hardness
Cleavage
Fracture
Crystal Form
Specific Gravity

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53
Q

it describes the appearance of a mineral when light is reflected from its surface.

minerals can be metallic, pearly, silky, resinous, earthy or dull, vitreous or glassy, and waxy

A

Luster

54
Q

it is one of the most obvious properties of a mineral but it is often of limited diagnostic value, especially in minerals that are not opaque.

A

Color

55
Q

it refers to the color of the mineral in its powdered form which may or may not be the same color as the mineral

A

Streak

56
Q

it is the resistance of a mineral to scratching or abrasion by other mineral

it is determined by scratching the surface of the sample with another mineral or material of known hardness

A

Hardness

57
Q

it is the tendency of minerals to break along planes of weak bonding

it is described by the number of planes exhibited and the angles at which they meet

A

Cleavage

58
Q

minerals that do not exhibit cleavage are said to be this when broken

some break like glass, some into splinters or fibers

A

Fracture

59
Q

a crystal is a solid, homogeneous, orderly array of atoms and may be nearly any size

the arrangement of atoms within a mineral determines the external shape of its crystals

“The closer the atoms, the harder the object”

A

Crystal Form

60
Q

the ________ _______ of a mineral is the weight of that mineral divided by the weight of an equal volume of water

the ________ _______ of water equals 1.0 by definition

A

Specific Gravity

61
Q

Chemical Properties of Minerals (2)

A

Solubility
Melting Point

62
Q

it refers to the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent at a specified temperature

A

Solubility

63
Q

it refers to the temperature at which solid turns into liquid

Minerals composed of atoms that are tightly bounded within the crystal structure have high melting points

A

Melting Point

64
Q

These are solid aggregates of minerals that make up the Earth’s crust.

A

Rocks

65
Q

Rocks are classified into 3 main types

A

Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic

66
Q

These are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock material, known as magma or lava.

A

Igneous Rocks

67
Q

Igneous Rocks can be further classified: (2)

A

Intrusive
Extrusive

68
Q

formed beneath the Earth’s surface

A

Intrusive

69
Q

formed on the Earth’s surface

A

Extrusive

70
Q

Types of Igneous Rocks (2)

A

Volcanic Rocks
Plutonic Rocks

71
Q

forms when magma rises to the Earth’s surface

molten rocks cool rapidly

produces volcanoes, lava flows, tephra

A

Volcanic Rocks

72
Q

form when magma solidifies under the Earth’s surface

molten rocks cool slowly

produces Pluton that remain hidden until exposed by erosion

A

Plutonic Rocks

73
Q

are created through the accumulation and compaction of sediments over time.

they often preserve evidence of past environments and contain fossils. common examples include limestone, sandstone, and shale

A

Sedimentary Rocks

74
Q

Types of Sedimentary Rocks

A

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks

75
Q

this includes limestones, sandstone, and shale, are formed through the accumulation and compression of sediments over extended period. These rocks often provide a valuable insights into past environments and are known to contain fossils.

A

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

76
Q

form through mineral precipitation from solution. This includes limestone, dolomite, and rock salt. They typically form in mineral-rich environments like lakes, oceans, and caves. They can also be found where groundwater seeps to the surface and evaporates, leaving mineral deposits.

A

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

77
Q

are formed from the mixture of the biosphere and geosphere. It may form from the remains of dead organisms.

A

Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks

78
Q

are formed from the transformation of existing rocks due to intense heat, pressure, on chemical processes.

they exhibit new textures and mineral compositions, reflecting the changes they underwent. this include marble, slate, and gneiss

A

Metamorphic Rocks

79
Q

Types of Metamorphic rocks

A

Contact Metamorphism
Regional Metamorphism

80
Q

is formed due to rocks coming in contact with a heat source

A

Contact Metamorphism

81
Q

increases heat and pressure associated with plate tectonics that form mountains

A

Regional Metamorphism

82
Q

illustrates the continuous transformation of rocks from one type to another over geological time. it involves processes such as weathering, erosion, melting and recrystallization. understanding this enhances our comprehension of Earth’s dynamic nature and the interconnectedness of its geological processes

A

Rock Cycle

83
Q

study of geological processes

A

Exogenic Processes

84
Q

It is defined as the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on the surface of the Earth

A

Weathering

85
Q

2 Main Categories of Weathering

A

Physical Weathering
Chemical Weathering

86
Q

Also called Mechanical Weathering
disintegrates rocks, breaking them into smaller pieces

A

Physical Weathering

87
Q

decomposes rocks through chemical reactions that change the original rock-forming minerals

A

Chemical Weathering

88
Q

4 Types of Mechanical Weathering

A

Frost Wedging
Salt Crystal Growth
Abrasion
Biological Activity

89
Q

when water gets inside the joints, alternate freezing and thawing episodes pry the rock apart.

A

Frost Wedging

90
Q

force exerted by salt crystal can cause the rock to fall apart

A

Salt Crystal Growth

91
Q

wearing away of rocks by constant collision of loose particles

A

Abrasion

92
Q

plants and animals as agents of mechanical weathering

A

Biological Activity

93
Q

3 Types of Chemical Weathering:

A

Dissolution
Oxidation
Hydrolysis

94
Q

dissociation of molecules into ions; common examples includes dissolution of calcite and salt

A

Dissolution

95
Q

reaction between minerals and oxygen dissolved in water

A

Oxidation

96
Q

change in the composition of minerals when they react with water

A

Hydrolysis

97
Q

Factors That Affects Weathering: (5)

A

Climate
Rock Type
Rock Structure
Topography
Time

98
Q

areas that are cold and dry tend to have slow rate of chemical weathering and weathering is mostly physical, chemical weathering is most active in areas with high temperature and rainfall.

A

Climate

99
Q

the minerals that constitute rocks have different susceptibilities to weathering. Those that are most stable to surface conditions will be the most resistant to weathering

A

Rock Type

100
Q

rate of weathering is affected by the presence of joints, folds, faults, and bedding planes through which agents of weathering enter a rock mass. Highly jointed or fractured rocks disintegrate faster than a solid mass of rocks of the same dimension.

A

Rock Structure

101
Q

weathering occurs more quickly on a steep slope than on a gentle one

A

Topography

102
Q

length of exposure to agents of weather determines the degree of weathering of a rock

A

Time

103
Q

It is the incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent such as water, wind, or ice.

A

Erosion

104
Q

Agent of Erosion:

A

Running Water
Ocean or Sea Waves
Glacier
Wind
Groundwater
Gravity

105
Q

the downslope movement of soil, rock, and regolith under the direct influence of gravity

A

Mass Wasting

106
Q

Factors in Mass Wasting:

A

Slope Angle
Role of water
Presence of troublesome earth materials
Weak materials and structures

107
Q

It is the accumulation of weathered sediments to create different land forms. Example includes Dunes and River Delta

A

Deposition

108
Q

What Causes Deposition?

A

Water
Wind
Ice
Gravity

109
Q

Exogenic Processes:

A

Weathering
Erosion
Deposition

110
Q

The heat from accretion and bombardment of the Earth during the early stages of formation.

A

Primordial Heat

111
Q

The radioactive decay of elements in the Earth’s mantle and crust results in production of daughter isotopes and release of geoneutrinos and heat energy, or radiogenic heat.

A

Radioactive Heat

112
Q

2 Types of Internal Heat Sources of the Earth:

A

Primordial Heat
Radioactive Heat

113
Q

The movement of Earth’s tectonic plates relates to many factors, including this and density differences in the plates. More recent studies suggest that although this was likely a key factor in beginning plate motion long ago.

A

Mantle Convection

114
Q

This may actually be the main driving force behind present mantle convection.

A

Plate Motion

115
Q

In volcanology, it is a melted rock that is under the ground specifically in Earth’s mantle. It is a molten and semi-molten rock mixture which is usually made up of four parts: a hot liquid base, called the melt; minerals crystallized by the melt; solid rocks incorporated into the melt from the surrounding confines; and dissolved gases.

A

Magma

116
Q

Magma is usually made up of four parts:

A

A hot liquid base called the melt
Minerals crystallized by the melt
Solid rocks incorporated into the melt from the surrounding confines and
Dissolved gases

117
Q

3 Types of Magma:

A

Basaltic Magma
Andesitic Magma
Rhyolitic Magma

118
Q

Formed in upper mantle, low silica and gas content, low viscosity and least explosive

A

Basaltic Magma

119
Q

Formed when oceanic crust is subducted into mantle, medium silica and gas content and intermediate viscosity

A

Andesitic Magma

120
Q

Formed when molten rocks mixes with silica and water rich continental crust, high viscosity, large volume of trapped gas and most explosive

A

Rhyolitic Magma

121
Q

The Formation of Magma:

A

Decompression Melting
Transfer of Heat
Flux Melting
Magma Escape Routes

122
Q

involves the upward movement of Earth’s mostly-solid mantle. This hot material rises to an area of lower pressure through the process of convection

A

Decompression Melting

123
Q

Magma can also be created when hot, liquid rock intrudes into earth’s cold crust. As the liquid rock solidifies, it loses its heat to the surrounding crust. Much like hot fudge being poured over cold ice cream, this transfer of heat is able to melt the surrounding rock (the “ice cream”) into magma.

A

Transfer of Heat

124
Q

It occurs when water or carbon dioxide are added to rock. These compounds cause the rock to melt at lower temperatures. This creates magma in places where it originally maintained a solid structure.

A

Flux Melting

125
Q

Magma leaves the confines of the upper mantle and crust in two major ways: as an intrusion or as an extrusion. An intrusion can form features such as dikes and xenoliths. An extrusion could include lava and volcanic rock.

A

Magma Escape Routes

126
Q

This word comes from the Greek words: meta = after, morph = form meaning; “the after form”. In geology this refers to the changes in mineral assemblage and texture that result from subjecting a rock to pressures and temperatures different from those under which the rock originally formed- the “parent rock” or “protolith”.

A

Metamorphism

127
Q

Agents of Metamorphism

A

Temperature or Heat
Pressure and Stress
Chemically active fluids
Time

128
Q

It increases with depth in the Earth along the Geothermal Gradient. One source of heat is the heat that comes from the magma rising from below. Another source of heat is when the rocks formed at the surface of Earth are transplanted to greater depth. Heat causes chemical reactions that result in recrystallization of existing minerals and/ or formation of new minerals.

A

Temperature or Heat

129
Q

________ increases with depth as rocks are buried which causes ______ on rocks. It causes the spaces between mineral grains in the buried rock to close, producing a more compact rock with higher density. At greater depth, minerals may recrystallize into new minerals that display a more compact structure.

A

Pressure and Stress

130
Q

These include water, carbon dioxide, and other volatile materials which act as catalyst to promote crystallization by enhancing ion migrations that may change the composition of the rock.

A

Chemically active fluids

131
Q

Chemical reactions occur between the minerals to form new sets of minerals that are more stable at the pressure and temperature of the environment, and new minerals form. The mineral grains produced during metamorphism increases with time producing coarse grained metamorphic rocks.

A

Time

11-JOEL (32 decks)

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