GenBio1 (4th QUARTER)

Question 1

In cellular biology, this refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions & small molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them.

Answer 1

membrane transport

Question 2

________ (Cell Membrane) plays a vital role in the transport mechanisms & separates the living cell from its surroundings it needs: ____, ____, & ____.

Answer 2

Plasma membrane
lipids, proteins, & carbohydrates

Question 3

Structural Components of Cell Membrane

Answer 3

• Cell Membrane Lipids
• Cholesterol
• Glycolipids

Question 4

Cell Membrane Proteins

Answer 4

• Structural Proteins
• Membrane receptor Proteins
• Transport Proteins
• Glycoproteins

Question 5

This can be defined as a biological membrane or an outer membrane of a cell, which is composed of two layers of phospholipids & embedded with proteins. It is a thin semi-permeable membrane layer, which surrounds the cytoplasm & to other constituents of the cell.

Answer 5

Plasma membrane

Question 6

Prokaryotic cells can have multiple plasma membranes. In prokaryotic organisms, plasma membranes are responsible for
controlling the entry & exit of the cell.

Answer 6

Prokaryotic Plasma Membrane

Question 7

____ is a phospholipid bilayer containing proteins & carbohydrate attached to the proteins & steroids. It is a fluid phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins &
glycoproteins.

Answer 7

Eukaryotic Plasma Membrane

Question 8

Phospholipids create a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing the watery cytosol & extracellular fluids while hydrophobic tails
point away.

Answer 8

Cell Membrane Lipids

Question 9

This semi-permeable structure allows selective molecule passage, making phospholipids amphipathic.

Answer 9

Cell Membrane Lipids

Question 10

Present in animal cell membranes, disperses among phospholipids, preventing excessive packing & stiffness.

Answer 10

Cholesterol

Question 11

Not found in plant cell membranes.

Answer 11

Cholesterol

Question 12

Are located on cell membrane surfaces & have a carbohydrate sugar chain attached to them.

Answer 12

Glycolipids

Question 13

They help the cell to recognize other cell of the body.

Answer 13

Glycolipids

Question 14

provide cell support & shape

Answer 14

Structural Proteins

Question 15

aid communication with the external environment via hormones & signaling molecules.

Answer 15

Membrane receptor proteins

Question 16

facilitate molecules movement across membranes.

Answer 16

Transport proteins

Question 17

with attached carbohydrate chains, assist in cell communication & molecule transport.

Answer 17

Glycoproteins

Question 18

It is what produces the gametes,
sperm or eggs that fuse after they unite.

Answer 18

Meiosis

Question 19

Gametes only have ____ the normal number of
____ or strands of DNA, that a
normal cell does. So, two of them must fuse
in order to form a new cell that will develop
into a new organism. In sexually reproducing
organisms, gametes are only produced by
____, not ____.

Answer 19

half
chromosomes
meiosis
mitosis

Question 20

In multicellular organisms that have
reproductive organs that do meiosis to
produce gametes, the organs were built by
cells that underwent mitosis. Thus, in these
organisms meiosis is only possible because
mitosis made organs that nurture the cells to
undergo meiosis. In human females, this
organ is called the ____; in males, it is called
the ____.

Answer 20

ovary
testicles

Question 21

The human reproductive system is controlled by the
____.

Answer 21

brain

Question 22

The sperm are produced in the ____, and
the eggs are produced in the ovaries, but both of
these organs receive commands from the brain. They also talk back to the brain in a process called ____.

Answer 22

testicles
ovaries
feedback

Question 23

Just as with the reproductive organs, the
brain was formed by ____ that underwent ____. In
fact, the cells that produce the hormones in each
organ were the result of mitosis, not meiosis.

Answer 23

cells
mitosis

Question 24

male gamete cells

Answer 24

spermatogonia

Question 25

female gamete cells

Answer 25

oogonia

Question 26

DISORDERS AND DISEASES THAT RESULT FROM THE MALFUNCTION OF THE CELL DURING THE CELL CYCLE (5)

Answer 26

Meiosis Chromosome Disorder Mosaicism Maternal Age Environment Down Syndrome

Question 27

____ IS HOW YOU GROW, AND _____ IS HOW YOU MAKE BABIES

Answer 27

MITOSIS, MEIOSIS

Question 28

______ refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them.

Answer 28

membrane transport

Question 29

plays a vital role in the transport mechanisms and separates the living cell from its surroundings. It needs : ____, _____, and ____

Answer 29

Plasma membrane (Cell Membrane) ,lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

Question 30

create a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing the watery cytosol and extracellular fluid, while hydrophobic tails point away.

Answer 30

Phospholipids

Question 31

This semi-permeable structure allows selective molecule passage, making _____amphipathic.

Answer 31

phospholipids

Question 32

present in animal cell membranes, disperses among phospholipids, preventing excessive packing and stiffness.

Answer 32

Cholesterol,

Question 33

Not found in plant cell membranes.

Answer 33

Cholesterol

Question 34

are located on cell membrane surfaces and have a carbohydrate sugar chain attached to them.

Answer 34

Glycolipids

Question 35

They help the cell to recognize other cells of the body.

Answer 35

glycolipids

Question 36

Cell Membrane Proteins

Answer 36

***Structural proteins** provide cell support and shape. ***Membrane receptor proteins** aid communication with the external environment via hormones and signaling molecules. ***Transport proteins** facilitate molecule movement across membranes. ***Glycoproteins,** with attached carbohydrate chains, assist in cell communication and molecule transport.

Question 37

can be defined as a biological membrane or an outer membrane of a cell, which is composed of two layers of phospholipids and embedded with proteins.

Answer 37

Plasma membrane

Question 38

It is a thin semi-permeable membrane layer, which surrounds the cytoplasm and other constituents of the cell.

Answer 38

plasma membrane

Question 39

can have multiple plasma membranes. In prokaryotic organisms, plasma membranes are responsible for controlling the entry and exit of the cell.

Answer 39

Prokaryotic cells

Question 40

is a phospholipid bilayer containing proteins and carbohydrate attached to the proteins and sterols.

Answer 40

The eukaryotic plasma membrane

Question 41

It is a fluid phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins and glycoprotein.

Answer 41

eukaryotic plasma membrane

Question 42

are vital for maintaining the internal environment necessary for cellular functions.

Answer 42

Transport mechanisms in cells

Question 43

These mechanisms allow the movement of molecules across the cell membrane, facilitating the exchange of nutrients, ions, and waste products with the external environment.

Answer 43

Transport mechanisms

Question 44

There are two primary modes of transport in cells:

Answer 44

passive transport and active transport.

Question 45

is a naturally occurring phenomenon and does not require the cell to exert any of its energy to accomplish the movement.

Answer 45

Passive transport

Question 46

In passive transport, substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. A physical space in which there is a single substance concentration range has a concentration gradient.

Answer 46

passive transport

Question 47

Types of passive transport

Answer 47

Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion

Question 48

is the tendency of molecules or materials to move form areas of high concentrations into areas the same molecules are in a lower concentration. This tendency is a result of the intrinsic thermal energy (heat) found in all molecules at temperatures above absolute zero.

Answer 48

Diffusion

Question 49

Some molecules, such as ions and large polar molecules, cannot diffuse through the lipid bilayer easily.

Answer 49

facilitated diffusion

Question 50

In _____, these molecules move across the membrane with the help of transport proteins, such as channels or carriers. This process also occurs along the concentration gradient and does not require energy.

Answer 50

facilitated diffusion

Question 51

Here, the cell cells utilizes cellular energy in the form of ATP to move a substance from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, that is, in the direction against its concentration gradient. _____ is usually associated with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cell needs, such as amino acids, ions, and glucose.

Answer 51

Active transport

Question 52

types of active transport

Answer 52

bulk transport

Question 53

The movement of macromolecules such as proteins or polysaccharides into or out of the cell is called _____.

Answer 53

bulk transport

Question 54

There are two types of bulk transport, and both require the expenditure of energy (ATP).

Answer 54

exocytosis and endocytosis,

Question 55

is the process by which cells release substances to the external environment by fusing vesicles containing the substances with the cell membrane.

Answer 55

Exocytosis

Question 56

is the process by which cells take in substances by engulfing them in vesicles formed from the cell membrane.

Answer 56

Endocytosis

Question 57

Three Types of Endocytosis

Answer 57

1. Phagocytosis 2. Pinocytosis 3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 58

also known as "cellular eating," is the process by which cells engulf large particles or whole cells into vesicles called phagosomes.

Answer 58

Phagocytosis,

Question 59

This mechanism is primarily used by specialized cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and some types of white blood cells to engulf and destroy pathogens, dead cells, and other debris.

Answer 59

Phagocytosis

Question 60

, also known as "cellular drinking" or "fluidphase endocytosis, " is the process by which cells ingest fluids and dissolved solutes by forming small vesicles called pinocytic vesicles.

Answer 60

Pinocytosis

Question 61

_____is a continuous process in many cells and plays a role in nutrient uptake, regulation of cell volume, and sampling of the extracellular environment

Answer 61

pinocytosis

Question 62

is a highly specific process by which cells internalize specific molecules from the extracellular fluid with the help of receptor proteins located on the cell membrane.

Answer 62

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 63

is essential for the regulation of signaling molecules, uptake of nutrients such as cholesterol and iron, and clearance of various substances from the extracellular environment.

Answer 63

Receptor-mediated endocytosis