ELS- 2nd Quarter Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
Different Features of the Ocean Floor:
5 items
A
Continental margin
Abyssal plains and abyssal hills
Mid-ocean ridges
Deep-ocean trenches
Seamounts and volcanic islands
2
Q
submerged outer edge of the continent where continental crust transitions into oceanic crust
A
Continental margin
3
Q
it is an extremely flat, sediment-covered stretches of the ocean floor, interrupted by occasional volcanoes, mostly extinct, called seamounts
A
Abyssal plains and abyssal hills
4
Q
a submarine mountain chain that winds for more than 65,000 km around the globe
A
Mid-ocean ridges
5
Q
narrow, elongated depressions on the seafloor many of which are adjacent to arcs of island with active volcanoes; deepest features of the seafloor.
A
Deep-ocean Trenches
6
Q
One of the causes of Seafloor Spreading is the
A
Continental drift theory
7
Q
(4) Evidence that supports continental drift theory:
A
Fit of the continent
Matching of rock units across ocean basins
Distribution of fossils
Paleoclimate evidence (evidence of tropical climates and past glaciations)
8
Q
In ____, he advance the theory of seafloor spreading. He proposed that seafloor spreading separates at mid-ocean ridges where new crust forms by upwelling magma. Newly formed oceanic crust moves laterally away from the ridge with the motion like that of a conveyor belt. Old oceanic crusts are dragged down at the trenches and re-incorporated back into the mantle. The process is driven by mantle convection currents rising at the ridges and descending at the trenches.
This idea is basically the same as that proposed by ______ ______ in ____
A
1960
Harry Hess
Arthur Holmes in 1920
9
Q
Evidences That Lead to the Proposal of Seafloor Spreading
5 items
A
High heat flow along mid-ocean ridge axes
Distribution of seafloor topographic features
Sediment Thickness
Composition of oceanic crust
Distribution of submarine earthquakes
10
Q
it led scientists to speculate that magma is rising into the crust just below the mid-ocean ridge axis
A
High heat flow along mid-ocean ridge axes
11
Q
distribution of mid-ocean ridges and depth of the seafloor
A
Distribution of seafloor topographic features
12
Q
fine layer of sediment covering much of the seafloor becomes progressively thicker away from mid-ocean ridge axis; seafloor sediment are not as thick as previously thought
A
Sediment thickness
13
Q
consists primarily of basalt
A
Composition of oceanic crust
14
Q
earthquakes do not occur randomly but define distinct belts (earthquake belts follow trenches, mid-ocean ridges, transform faults)
A
Distribution of submarine earthquakes
15
Q
It is a scientific theory that explains how landforms are created from the movement of the Earth.
A
Plate Tectonics
16
Q
The Earth’s crust is divided into _____ large plates and into several smaller plates.
A
Seven
17
Q
Driven by ______ __________, the lithospheric plates ride over the soft, ductile asthenosphere.
A
Mantle Convection
18
Q
Submerged volcanoes are called ____ while those that rise above the ocean surface are called ____ ____ . These features may be isolated or found in clusters or chains.
A
Seamounts
Volcanic Islands
19
Q
Primarily, earthquakes & volcanoes occur in a pattern that runs between continents & oceans.
A
The Coast
20
Q
Major ____ ____ are often formed inside continents or near their edge.
A
mountain ranges
21
Q
(3) Different types of Tectonic Plate Boundaries:
A
- Convergent Plate Boundaries
- Divergent Plate Boundaries
- Transform Plate Boundaries
22
Q
Occur when plates collide with each other. Volcanoes & earthquakes commonly occur along these boundaries.
A
Convergent Plate Boundaries
23
Q
Occur when plates move away from another. When they move apart, water or magma fills the space & creates new land.
A
Divergent Plate Boundaries
24
Q
Are also known as sliding boundaries. They occur when plates slide creating a break in the earth’s surface. This can create a cliff & often causes earthquakes along faults.
A
Transform Plate Boundaries
25
*Why do we we need to take a look back on the past?*
*"I believe that the more you know about the past, the better you are prepared for the future."* -Theodore Roosevelt
26
(3) Principles that Govern the Earth
* Catastrophism
* Gradualism
* Uniformitarianism
27
**Volcanoes, floods, & earthquakes** are examples of catastrophic events that were once believed responsible for mass extinctions & the formation of all landforms.
Catastrophism
28
Canyons carved by rivers show **gradual** change.
Gradualism
29
Is the idea that **changes** on Earth occurred by **small steps** (baby steps) over long periods of time.
Gradualism
30
**Rock strata** demonstrate that geologic processes long periods of time to cause great change.
Uniformitarianism
31
(2) *Principles of Uniform:*
* The major assumption of Geology
* Events of the past occurred the same way that they are occurring today.
32
Used to **determine whether an object or event is older or younger** than other objects or events.
Relative Dating
33
*Relative Dating - Tool:*
Sedimentary Rocks
34
Sedimentary rocks left undisturbed will remain in **horizontal layers**.
Law of Original Horizontality
35
When rocks are **stacked in layers**, the oldest rocks will be on the bottom & the newest rocks will be on top.
Law of Superposition
36
Geologic features, such as faults, & igneous intrusions are younger than the rocks they **cut** through.
Principle of Cross-cutting Relations
37
Used to **measure the absolute use of an object or event** by analyzing isotopes of radioactive elements.
Absolute Dating
38
*Absolute Dating - Tool:*
Radioactive
39
Unstable isotopes that break down stable isotopes &/or elements.
Radioactive Decay
40
**Time needed for half of a sample of a radioactive substance** to undergo radioactive decay.
Half-life
41
Indicates the life form present in different periods.
Geological Time Scale
42
System used by scientists to relate stratigraphy & time to any geologic event.
Geological Time Scale
43
Is roughly **4.1 billion years** ago were **88% of the Earth's history happened.**
Precambrian
44
The **perceived harshness** of the primordial Earth happened during ____.
Hadean
45
Bombardment of meteorites and severe volcanic activities.
Hadean
46
Chaotic eon
Hadean
47
During this era, **ocean and atmosphere were formed**. The crust and core was also stabilized.
Hadean
48
____ was when the Earth **became warm** but the atmopshere contain only methane with litlte to no oxygen (orange atmosphere).
Archean
49
Most of Earth was **still covered with water**. Oceans were green due to abundance of iron and stromatolites.
Archean
50
Was when the **atmosphere began to have oxygen**, eukaryotes diversified, multicellular animals spread and continents began to drift away.
Proterozoic era
51
was when fossils of **marine invertebrates** (trilobites and brachiopods) were formed in sedimentary layers.
Paleozoic era
52
Marine life forms **developed shells.**
Middle Paleozoic era
53
**Animals began to breathe air** as amphibians came out of the sea and land plants developed.
Devonian period
54
Reptiles appear were they **lay eggs** on the ground.
Late Paleozoic era
55
Marks the break up of major land masses.
Mesozoic era
56
**Largest creatures** were believed to appear in this era which are descendants of reptiles in the Paleozoic era **(dinosaurs)**.
Mesozoic era
57
**Mountains were uplifted** and new life forms started to appear. **Volcanic activities are wide spread**, warm-blooded animals like marsupials and mammals roamed on land.
Cenozoic era
58
Human left marks on land and stone tools were observed.
Cenozoic era
59
Are naturally occurring events that directly or indirectly impact the geology of the Earth. Examples of ________ ________ include events such as plate tectonics, weathering, eruptions, earthquakes, volcanic mountain formation, deposition, erosion, droughts, flooding, and landslides.
Geological Processes
60
Affect every human on the Earth all of the time, but are most noticeable when they cause loss of life or property. These threatening processes are called ______ ______.
Geological Processes:
Natural Disasters
61
An **extreme natural event** in the crust of the earth that **poses** a threat to life & property.
Geological Hazard
62
These hazards can cause immense damage, loss of property, & sometimes life.
Geological Hazard
63
Is a **shaking of a ground** caused by sudden slippage of rock masses below or at the surface of the earth.
Earthquake
64
It is a wave-like movement of the earth's surface.
Earthquake
65
*Hazards caused by an earthquake:*
* Ground Shaking
* Surface Faulting
* Landslide
* Liquefaction
* Tsunamis
66
Are **giant sea waves** generated by under-the-sea earthquakes & volcanic eruptions. Not all submarine earthquakes, however, can cause the occurrence of ________.
Tsunami
67
Occurs when magma is released from a **volcano**. _____ _____ are major natural hazards on Earth. _______ _______ can have a devastating effect on people & environment.
Volcanic Eruptions
68
*Hazards caused by Volcanic Eruption:* (5)
* Tephra
* Pyroclastic Flow
* Lahar
* Flood Lava Domes
* Poisonous Gases
69
A large Pacific Ocean region where many of Earth's volcanic eruptions & earthquakes occur.
Ring of Fire
70
*Top 10 Provinces at Risk of **Earthquakes:***
* Surigao Del Sur
* La Union
* Benguet
* Pangasinan
* Pampanga
* Tarlac
* Ifugao
* Davao Oriental
* Nueva Vizcaya
* Nueva Ecija
71
*Top 10 Provinces at Risk of **Volcanic Eruptions:***
* Camiguin
* Sulu
* Biliran
* Albay
* Bataan
* Sorsogon
* South Cotabato
* Laguna
* Camarines Sur
* Batanes
72
*Top 10 **Most Landslide Prone** Provinces in the Philippines:*
* Marinduque
* Rizal
* Cebu
* La Union
* Southern Leyte
* Benguet
* Nueva Vizcaya
* Batangas
* Mountain Pronvinces
* Romblon
73
Is an occurrence in which soil, rocks & vegetal debris are **transported** suddenly or slowly down a slope due to insufficient stability. It may happen when there is continuous rainfall, earthquakes &/or volcanic eruption accompanied by a very loud noise.
Landslide
74
*Human Activities that trigger landslides:*
* **Overloading slopes**
* **Mining** which uses explosives underground
* **Excavation** or displacement of rocks
* **Land** use such as **modification** of slopes by construction of roads, railways, buildings, houses, etc.
* **Quarrying** which includes excavation or pit, open to the air, from which building stone, slate, or the like is obtained by cutting, blasting, etc.
* **Land pollution** which is the degration of earth's land surface, exploitation of minerals & improper use of soil by in adequate agricultural practices.
* **Excavation** which pertains to exposure, processsing, & recording of archaeological remains.
* **Cutting trees** that can lead to deforestation & may encourage landslide.
75
*Precautionary measures to observe & follow in preparing for landslides:*
* Stay alert & awake. Many debris-flow fatalities occur when people are sleeping.
* If you are in areas susceptible to landslides & debris flows, consider leaving if it is safe to do so.
* Listen for any unusual sounds that might indicate moving debris, such as trees cracking or boulders knocking together.
* If you are near a stream or channel, be alert for any sudden increase or decrease in water flow & for a change from clear to muddy water.
* Be especially alert when driving. Bridges may be washed out & culverts overtops.
* Be aware that strong shaking from earthquakes can induce or intensify the effects of landslides.
76
Are processes of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, & economic disruption or environmental degradation.
Hydrometeorological Hazards
77
It is a rapid, rotating, & **organized system of clouds & thunderstorms.**
Tropical Cyclone
78
It can bring strong winds, torrential rains, high waves, & destructive storm surges.
Tropical Cyclone
79
A violently rotating **column of air touching the ground,** usually attached to the base of a thunderstorm.
Tornado
80
An **overflow of water** onto normally dry land. The inundation of a normally dry areas caused by rising water in an existing waterway, such as a river, stream, or drainage ditch.
Floods
81
A **prolonged dry period** in a natural climate cycle that can occur anywhere in the world. This dry season can cause some serious **wildfire**.
Drought
82
Are **uncontrolled fires** that burn forests, grasslands, or bushlands.
Forest or Wildland Fires
83
It commonly occurs during & after long periods of drought. It can result from either lightning or human activities.
Forest or Wildland Fires
84
*Hydrometeorological Hazards:* (5)
* Tropical Cyclone
* Tornado
* Floods
* Drought
* Forest or Wildland Fire
85
*Hydrometeorological Hazards, Risks, & Disasters;*
* Hazard Adaptation
* Risk Reduction
* Disaster Mitigation
86
Is **knowing how to adjust or cope** with an existing environmental condition in particular those pertaining to areas with potential hazards brought about by hydrometeorological phenomenon.
Hazard Adaptation
87
Measures to **reduce** the frequency or severity of losses brought about by the effects of hazards. It is also a measure of reducing the exposure of people to the effects of hazards.
Risk Reduction
88
These are measures or methods or strategies that **eliminate** or at least reduce the impacts & risks of hazards. There must be proactive meaures done prior to a disaster to prevent loss of lives & properties. One very common mitigation measures against floods are river channel dikes.
Disaster Mitigation
89
*History of Life Science (Theories):* (7)
* Theory of Special Creation
* Cosmozoic Theory
* Theory of spontaneous generation or 'Abiogenesis'
* Biogenesis Theory
* Oparin's Theory
* J.B.S Haldane's Hypothesis
* Urey-Miller Hypothesis
90
This theory says that all living organisms were **created by God.** God created the first man **Adam.**
Theory of Special Creation
91
According to this theory, life has reached this planet Earth from other **heavenly bodies** such as **meteorites**, in the form of highly resistant spores of some organisms.
Cosmozoic Theory
92
Cosmozoic Theory is also called ______ __ _______.
Theory of Panspermia.
93
Is an archaic scientific theory which stated that **living organisms could arise from nonliving matter** & that such a process was regular in nature. It also explained the origin of life from the nonliving subjects.
Theory of Spontaneous Generation or Abiogenesis Theory
94
Is the theory that **living things can only come from other living things.**
Biogenesis Theory
95
It was developed in ____ by _____ _____ as a **counter-hypothesis to spontaneous generation**.
Biogenesis Theory
1858, Rudolf Virchow
96
________ believed that the life developed **from microscopic** spontaneously formed spherical lipid molecules held together by electrostateic forces, probably the earliest form of cells. These molecules most likely functioned as enzymes, essential for the biochemical metabolic reactions necessary for life's evolution.
Oparin's Theory:
Oparin
97
________ believed that simple organic molecules formed first & in the presence of **ultraviolet** light became increasingly complex, ultimately forming cells.
Haldane Theory:
Haldane
98
____ ____ ____ showed that simple inorganic molecules could **combine** to form the organic building blocks required for life as we know it. Once formed, these building blocks could have come together to form polymers such as proteins or RNA.
Urey-Miller Hypothesis:
Urey, Miller et al.
99
# Origin of Life
There is evidence that ____-____ organisms lived on Earth ____ years ago
bacteria-like
3.5 billion
100
*Remember:*
*"Breakfast gives energy"*
101
**Basic & fundamental unit of life,** it possess a highly organized structure that enables it to carry out its vital functions.
Cell
102
Is a **catabolic process** during which glucose is broken down to release energy for a cell. Example include the breaking down of glucose to make CO₂ & H₂O
Cellular Respiration
103
*ATP stands for:*
Adenosine Triphosphate
104
Is called the energy currency of the cell.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
105
It is the organic compound composed of phosphate groups, adenine & sugar ribose.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
106
(3) *Types of cell work that requires ATP:*
* Mechanical
* Transport
* Chemical
107
Beating of cilia; contraction of muscle cells; cytoplasmic flow
Mechanical
108
Active Transport
Transport
109
Synthesis of polymers from monomers
Chemical
110
*Three major stages of Cellular Respiration:*
* Glycolysis
* Citric Acid Cycle
* Oxidation Phosphorylation
111
Breakdown of **glucose to pyruvate** where small amounts of ATP are produced. This process occurs in the ________ of the cell.
Glycolysis:
cytoplasm
112
Degrades **pyruvate to carbon dioxide, water, ATP & reducing power in the form of NADH, H⁺.** This stage happens in the ____ of the __________.
Citric Acid Cycle:
matrix, mitochondria
113
*Citric Acid Cycle is also known as:*
Krebs Cycle
114
A cellular process that **harnesses the reduction of oxygen** to generate high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of Adenosince Triphosphate (ATP)
Oxidation Phosphorylation
115
*ATP without Oxygen:*
* Ethanol fermentation
* Lactic acid fermentation
116
Pyruvate from glycolysis loses carbon dioxide & is converted to two-carbon compound acetaldehyde which is then reduced to ethanol; this step also produces NADH, H⁺. Wine is produced by some bacteria through this process.
Ethanol fermentation
117
Pyruvate from glycolysis is reduced to lactate coupled with the oxidation of NADH, H⁺. When oxygen is scarce, human muscle cells may switch to anaerobic respiration leading to the accumulation of lactate.
Lactic acid fermentation
118
This is one of the characteristics of life. It is a biological process in which new individual organisms are produced, may it be sexual or asexual.
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
119
The process of transferring pollen from an anther to a stigma.
Pollination
120
BIOTIC POLLINATORS
Bees
Moths and Butterflies
Bats
Flies
Birds
121
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (4)
* Stems
* Roots
* Leaves
* Bulb
122
ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION
Grafting
Layering
Cutting
123
Composed of the stock (rooted part of the plant) and the scion (the attached part).
Grafting
124
Parent plant is bent and is covered by soil.
Layering
125
Cutting the stem at an angle of a shoot with attached leaves.
Cutting
126
Or the directional command of creating proteins from genetic information (DNA) was dubbed by Francis Crick in 1956.
The central dogma
127
The central dogma, or the directional command of creating proteins from genetic information (DNA) was dubbed by ___ ___ in ____.
Francis Crick
1956
128
The process in which genetic material is transferred from one organism to another.
Genetic engineering
129
The most traditional form of genetic engineering, wherein specificity of synthesis of target DNA sequence is less than current genetic engineering technology.
Artificial selection
