UCSP- 2nd Quarter Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
“Change is the only permanent thing in this world.” A quote by who?
A
Heraclitus
2
Q
A large body of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.
A
Nation
3
Q
A form of political organization under which a relatively homogeneous people inhabits a sovereign state
A
Nation State
4
Q
A political form of human associated by which society is organized under the agency of a Government that claims legitimate authority over a territorial area overall the members of society and the rights used of political force when necessary to ensure the efficient exercise of its legal control.
A
State
5
Q
The value of culture cannot be defined by its size. No matter if a culture is widespread or kept within a small region, is young or old, or has changed over time or stayed the same, every culture can teach us about ourselves, others, and the global community.
A
Cultural Identity
6
Q
The group from which you descend and that shares a distinct identity. Broadly speaking people from the same ______ __ ________ __________ share the same culture which can include history, language and religion.
A
Ethnic or Cultural Background
7
Q
It is more frequently chosen by the individual. And, because it encompasses everything from language, to nationality, culture and religion, it can enable people to take on several identities.
A
Ethnicity
8
Q
It has been used to oppress different groups, as occurred during the Holocaust, or within interethnic conflict of the Rwandan genocide, where it was used to justify mass killings.
A
Ethnicity
9
Q
The concept you develop about yourself that evolves over the course of your life. This may include aspects of your life that you have no control over. You can demonstrate and also keep it to yourself.
A
Personal Identities
10
Q
The way an individual expresses and understands themselves in relation to their sex, if often used interchangeably with the term sex. This reflects common underlying assumption that the two are always aligned. However for many young people their gender identity may differ from their sex.
A
Gender
11
Q
Some common gender definitions include:
A
Trans
Transsexual
Transgender
Intersex
12
Q
This is broad term often used to refer to either transsexual and/or transgender. Generally speaking, it refers to when a person identifies with the opposite gender.
A
Trans
13
Q
Individuals identify as the opposite gender to their biological sex. Physical transformation, e.g. genital reassignment surgery or hormone therapy, may be undertaken to change sex.
A
Transsexual
14
Q
This is a broad term that like trans, covers a range of identities and/or behaviours. It is most often used to describe non-traditional gender behaviours or identities.
A
Transgender
15
Q
Refers to a range of conditions where a person’s sex is not strictly male or female.
A
Intersex
16
Q
It can be complicated and is not fixed for everyone. There are many kinds that people identify as having- and it is now accepted that same-sex attraction is a normal part of human sexuality.
A
Sexuality
17
Q
Some of the common terminology associated with sexuality includes:
A
Heterosexual or straight
Gay
Lesbian
Bisexual
Asexual
18
Q
Refers to when people tend to be attracted to the opposite sex or gender.
A
Heterosexual or straight
19
Q
Refers to same-sex attraction and is most often used to in reference to men.
A
Gay
20
Q
Refers to women who are mostly attracted to other women, or people identifying as women.
A
Lesbian
21
Q
Refers to individuals who are attracted to both sexes and genders.
A
Bisexual
22
Q
It is also often used to indicate a diverse sexuality, and attraction to people regardless of their gender.
A
Pansexual
23
Q
Refers to individuals who do not or have not yet experienced sexual attraction to anyone.
A
Asexual
24
Q
The position of an individual on a social-economic scale that measures factors such as education, income, type of occupation, place of residence and, in some populations, heritage and religion.
A
Socio-economic Status
25
People who need more will be pushed by this to attain something. Consist of biological and psychological drives such as cravings, wealth power, greatness, successes, etc.
Inner Drives
26
The science of humanity, which studies human beings in aspects ranging from the biology and evolutionary history of Homo sapiens to the features of society and culture that decisively distinguish humans from other animal species.
ANTHROPOLOGY
27
as the method of
**investigation of prehistoric
cultures**, has been an integral
part of anthropology since it
became a self-conscious
discipline in the latter half of the
19th century
Archaeology
28
Emphasizing the biological process and endowment that
distinguishes Homo sapiens from other species.
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
29
Based on the physical remnants of past cultures and former conditions of contemporary cultures, usually found buried in the earth.
ARCHAEOLOGY
30
Emphasizing the unique human capacity to communicate through articulate speech and the diverse languages of humankind.
LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY
31
Emphasizing the cultural systems that distinguish human societies from one another and the patterns
of social organization associated with these systems.
SOCIAL AND/OR CULTURAL
ANTHROPOLOGY
32
Emphasizing the relationships among culture, social structure, and the human being as a person.
PSYCHOLOGICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY
33
Conflict and violence, trial
by ordeal, superstition
and witchcraft, fashion,
myths and legends, and
rituals concerning rites of
passage, courtship and
marriage, human
sacrifice, and others.
Strange Aspects
34
A systematic study of a state and its government, with the
relationship of men in the
community, with relations of
men and groups to the state
itself, and with the relations of a state with other sovereign states abroad (Palispis, 2009).
POLITICAL SCIENCE
35
Power, interest influence and diplomacy which is important in creating a wellordered society.
Emphasize
36
to understand and appreciate the duties and obligation of being a member of society.
Primary Goal
37
Is the study of patterned, shared, human behavior, social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior
SOCIOLOGY
38
Emerged in the fifteenth century and is derived from the French société.
The French word, in turn, had its origin in the Latin societas, a “friendly
association with others,” from socius meaning “companion, associate,
comrade or business partner.” Essential in the meaning of society is that
its members share some mutual concern or interest, a common objective or
common characteristics, often a common culture.
SOCIETY
39
derived from the French _____.
The French word, in turn, had its origin in the ____, a “friendly
association with others, from _____ meaning “companion, associate,
comrade or business partner.”
société, Latin societas, socius
40
interdependent community, while culture is an attribute of a
community: the complex web of shifting patterns that link individuals
together.
society
41
In the study of social sciences ____ has been
used to mean a group of people that form a **semi-closed social system**, in which most interactions
are with other individuals belonging to the group.
society
42
According to sociologist Richard Jenkins, the term addresses a number of important
existential issues facing people:
* How humans think and exchange information.
* Many phenomena cannot be reduced to individual behavior
* Collectives often endure beyond the lifespan of individual members.
* The human condition has always meant going beyond the evidence of our senses.
43
Who stated this:
**Human beings** are intrinsically, necessarily, and by definition social beings
who–beyond being “**gregarious creatures**”**–cannot survive and meet
their needs other than through social co-operation and association**.
Their social characteristics are therefore to a large extent an objectively given
fact, stamped on them from birth and affirmed by socialization processes;
and, according to Marx, in producing and reproducing their material life,
people must necessarily enter into relations of production which are
“independent of their will.”
Karl Marx
44
**Defined human action as “social”** if, by virtue of the subjective meanings attached to the action by individuals, it “takes account the behavior of others, and is thereby oriented in its course.” In this case, the “social” domain really exists only in the intersubjective relations between individuals, but by implication the life of these individuals also exists in part outside the social domain. “Social” is thus implicitly also contrasted with “private.”
Max Weber
45
a **social fact** is an abstraction external to the individual which constrains that
individuals’ actions. In this 1895 work Rules of Sociological Method,
Durkheim wrote: A social fact is every way of acting, fixed or not, capable of
exercising on the individual an influence, or an external constraint; or again,
every way of acting which is general throughout a given society, while at the
same time existing in its own right independent of its individual
manifestations.
Emile Durkheim
46
Characteristics of Society
* Group of people who share some likeness
* Nature of dynamic and
changeable.
47
According to___ ___, it is organized in such a waythat there are **rules** of conduct, customs, traditions, folkways and mores, and expectations that **ensure appropriate behavior** among members.
Palispis, 2007
48
____ means of Society used in responding to **nature**, not to respond merely to
various forces of the physical environment that **defines a person** as well as human
being endowed with his inherent freedom and rationality. It is one of the most
important concepts within sociology because sociologists recognize that it plays a
crucial role in our social lives. It is **important for shaping social relationships,
maintaining and challenging social order, determining how we make sense
of the world and our place in it, and in shaping our everyday actions and
experiences in society**. It is composed of both non-material and material things.
Culture
49
The **values and beliefs, language, communication, and practices that are
shared in common by a group of people**. Expanding on these categories, culture
is made up of our knowledge, common sense, assumptions, and expectations. It is
also the rules, norms, laws, and morals that govern society; the words we use as well
as how we speak and write them (what sociologists call "discourse"); and the
symbols we use to express meaning, ideas, and concepts. Culture is also what we do
and how we behave and perform. It informs and is encapsulated in how we walk,
sit, carry our bodies, and interact with others; how we behave depending on the
place, time, and "audience;" and how we express identities of race, class, gender, and
sexuality, among others. Culture also includes the collective practices we participate
in, such as religious ceremonies, the celebration of secular holidays, and attending
sporting events.
Non-Material Aspects of Culture
50
Composed of the things that **humans make and use**. This aspect of culture includes a wide variety of things, from buildings, technological gadgets, and clothing, to film, music, literature, and art, among others. Aspects of material culture are more commonly referred to as **cultural products**.
Material Aspects of Culture
51
Material culture emerges from and is shaped by the ____. Material culture can also influence the _____
non-material aspects of
culture.
52
Consist of beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group of society.
Culture
53
Includes language, customs, values, norms, mores,
rules, tools, technological products, organizations,
and institutions.
culture
54
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
* Culture as learned
* Culture as normative
* Culture as cumulative
* Culture as adaptive
* Culture as diverse
55
is not ascribed or naturally embedded in the person's being. It is not inherent or in-born. It is instead acquired
Culture as learned
56
culture guides people to do things in conformity with the people's accepted norms which they use to regulate their ways
Culture as normative
57
Exist along in time and place, is passed from one generation to the next through the medium of language and behavior which make the continuity of culture possible
Culture as cumulative
58
adapts itself to and around its geographical setting. How culture is formed and assimilated by the peole largely depends on the environment where it is situated
Culture as adaptive
59
it is different since there are various social structures, beliefs, values, and other practices that people use in adapting through different situations
Culture as diverse
60
Culture being a complex set of patterned social interactions is learned and transmitted through socialization or enculturation
ASPECTS OF CULTURE
61
Aspects of Culture (7)
* Culture as Dynamic, Flexible and Adaptive.
* Culture as Shared, Contested and Challenged
* Culture as Learned through socialization and enculturation
* Culture as Patterned social interactions.
* Culture as Integrated and at times unstable
* Culture as Transmitted through socialization or
enculturation.
* Culture as Language or requires language
62
5 patterns of social interaction
1. exchange
2. cooperation
3. competition
4. conflict
5. coercion
63
Language is a construct of sounds and symbols. Each symbol has a meaning of their own and changes depending on how the cultural group uses the language. Moreover, the symbols are also dependent on the context within which they are used. The most important symbol of language is the word
language is symbolic
64
It is entirely dependent on who uses it, for what reasons, within what context, and for what purpose. Culture is the setting that enables the medium of language. It is
also what defines it and gives it uniqueness. Also, you address people depending on their culture.
language is cultural
65
It can be subdivided and recreated, expanded, and extended.
language is flexible
66
There is monitor language, and natural language. Rules can be constitutive or regulative.
language has rules of usage
67
words willcontinue to be added to our daily vocabulary, whether they are culturally coined or created for trademark purposes.
language is dynamic and not static
68
Characteristics of language (5)
* Language is symbolic
* Language is cultural
* Language is flexible
* Language has rules of usage
* Language is dynamic and not static
69
Language and its Functions (6)
1. Expressive and Communicative Functions
2. Control Function
3. The Functions of Remembering and Thinking
4. The Discovery of One's Name
5. Social Functions of Language
6. Creative Functions
70
The **most basic function** of language as we can guess, is that of the expressive function, an attempt to express a sudden change of state, fear, delight, pain or confusion. expression is not a deliberate, conscious expression, but a spontaneous immediate response not directed towards any other object.
Expressive and Communicative Functions
71
When one talks of the function of
control, there emerges a social dimension apart from the
individual dimension. Gradually, as associations get
established between certain states of existence and a
stimulus on the one hand and certain sounds, there
results in the reproducibility of a reaction. Thus, the child
cries when he is hungry or suffering from pain. This cry
in turn makes the mother, or even the animal mother,
rush to help. Here is the beginning of control.
Control Function
72
Imagine our being able to think and remember
without the use of words. It is almost impossible to
recall or remember or think without the use of
words and therefore, language. It is language, which
helps us to encode experiences, store them and
retrieve and decode. It is language, which helps us to
translate experiences into thought and engage in
processes of different types.
The Functions of Remembering and Thinking
73
One of the
important milestones in the development of the
child is the discovery that he or she has a name and,
this is the beginning of the sense of self-identity
which leads to feelings like me, mine, others, not me,
etc. The discovery of one's name plays a very crucial
role in the overall psychological development of the
individual.
The Discovery of One's Name
74
In addition to
these individual functions, language performs a very
important social function. While promoting a sense
of personal identity language also serves to develop
a sense of social identity, a sense of belongingness
to a particular group, marking out different degrees
of social proximity and distance.
Social Functions of Language
75
Language plays a very crucial
role in imaginative and creative activity. Is it possible
to think of writing a novel or poetry without
language? Language, then not only helps us to
control and regulate our cognitions but also enables
us to break free and engage in creative imagination.
Here again, paradoxically, language also contributes
to the emergence of very 'creative' delusions and
belief systems in the mentally ill.
Creative Functions
76
The practice of **assessing a culture by its own standards** rather thanviewing it through the lens of one's own culture. Practicing cultural relativism requires an open mind and a willingness to consider, and even adapt to, new values and norms. However, indiscriminately embracing everything about a new culture is not always possible.
cultural relativism
77
Even the most culturally relativist people from egalitarian societies ones in
which women have political rights and control over their own bodies would
question whether the widespread practice of female genital mutilation in
countries such as Ethiopia and Sudan should be accepted as a part of
cultural tradition. Sociologists attempting to engage in cultural relativism,
then, may struggle to reconcile aspects of their own culture with aspects of a
culture they are studying. Sometimes when people attempt to rectify feelings
of ethnocentrism and to practice cultural relativism, they swing too far to the
other end of the spectrum.
cultural relativism
78
Example of Cultural relativism by ____, ____
What constitutes breakfast varies widely from place to place. What is
considered a typical breakfast in Turkey, as illustrated in the above image, is
quite different from what is considered a typical breakfast in the U.S. or
Japan.
Cole, Nicki Lisa Ph.D., (2019)
79
The opposite of ethnocentrism, and refers to the **belief that another culture is superior to one's own.** (The Greek root word xeno, pronounced "ZEE-no," means "stranger" or "foreign guest.") An exchange student who goes home after a semester abroad or a sociologist who returns from the field may find it difficult to associate with the values of their own culture after having experienced what they deem a more upright or nobler way of living. Perhaps the greatest challenge for sociologists studying different cultures is the matter of keeping a perspective.
xenocentrism
80
It is impossible for anyone to keep all cultural biases at bay; the best we can
do is strive to be aware of them. Pride in one's own culture doesn't have to
lead to imposing its values on others. And an appreciation for another
culture shouldn't preclude individuals from studying it with a critical eye.
Xenocentrism
81
The best-known member
of Australopithecus is ____, a species
represented by more than
400 fossil specimens from
virtually every region of
the hominin skeleton.
Australopithecus
afarensis
82
the ____ was Dated to between about 3.8 and 2.9 mya, 90
percent of the fossils assigned to ____
derive from Hadar, a site in Ethiopia’s Afar
Triangle. ____ fossils have also been
found in Chad, Kenya, and Tanzania. The main
fossil sample of this species also comes from
Hadar, and the specimens found there include a
40-percent-complete skeleton of an adult
female ____ and the remains of at least nine
adults and four juveniles buried together at the
same time ____. The animal fossils
found in association with ____ imply a
habitat of woodland with patches of grassland.
Australopithecus
afarensis, Lucy, the “First Family”
83
Latin: “able man” or “handy man”
HOMO HABILIS
84
extinct species of human, **the most ancient representative of the human genus**, Homo. Homo ____ inhabited parts of sub-Saharan
Africa from roughly 2.4 to 1.5
million years ago (mya). In 1959
and 1960 the first fossils were
discovered at Olduvai Gorge in
northern Tanzania.
Homo habilis
85
This discovery was a turning point in the science of paleoanthropology because the oldest previously known human fossils were Asian
specimens of Homo erectus. Many features of ____ appear to be intermediate in terms of
evolutionary development between the relatively primitive Australopithecus and the moreadvanced Homo species.
homo habilis
86
(Latin: “upright man”)
homo erectus
87
extinct species of the human genus (Homo), perhaps an ancestor of modern humans (Homo sapiens). ____ most likely originated in Africa, though Eurasia cannot be ruled out. Regardless of where it first evolved, the species seems to have dispersed quickly, starting about 1.9 million years ago (mya) near the middle of the Pleistocene Epoch, moving through the African tropics, Europe, South Asia, and
Southeast Asia.
homo erectus
88
This history has been recorded directly
if imprecisely by many sites that have
yielded fossil remains of____. At
other localities, broken animal bones
and stone tools have indicated the
presence of the species, though there
are no traces of the people themselves.
____ was a human of medium
stature that walked upright. The
braincase was low, the forehead was
receded, and the nose, jaws, andpalate
were wide.
homo erectus
89
The brain was smaller and the teeth larger than in modern humans. ____ appears to have been the first human species **to control fire**, some 1,000,000 years ago. The species seems to have flourished until some 200,000 years ago (200 kya) or perhaps later before giving way to other humans including Homo sapiens.
homo erectus
90
Also spelled Neandertal, member
of a group of archaic humans who
emerged at least 200,000 years
ago during the Pleistocene Epoch
(about 2.6 million to 11,700 years
ago) and were replaced or
assimilated by early modern
human populations (Homo
sapiens) between 35,000 and
perhaps 24,000 years ago.
HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS
91
____ inhabited Eurasia from the
Atlantic regions of Europe eastward to
Central Asia, from as far north as present-day
Belgium and as far south as the
Mediterranean and southwest Asia. Similar
archaic human populations lived at the same
time in eastern Asia and in Africa. Because
____ lived in a land of abundant
limestone caves, which preserved bones well,
and where there has been a long history of
prehistoric research, they are better known
than any other archaic human group.
Consequently, they have become the
archetypal “cavemen”.
HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS
92
The name ____ derives
from the NeanderValley
(German NeanderThal or
NeanderTal) in Germany,
where the fossils were
first found.
Neanderthal
(or Neandertal)
93
(Latin: “wise man”)
HOMO SAPIENS
94
The species to which all modern human beings belong. Homo ____ is one of several species grouped into the genus Homo, but it is the only one that is not extinct. See also human evolution.
homo sapiens
95
The beginning of the Neolithic
Revolution in different regions
has been dated from perhaps
8,000 BCE in the Kuk Early
Agricultural Site of Melanesia
Kuk to 2,500 BCE in
Subsaharan Africa, with some
considering the developments
of 9,000-7,000 BCE in the
Fertile Crescent to be the most
important.
The Neolithic Revolution: From
Hunter-Gatherer to Agriculturalist
96
This transition everywhere is
associated with the change
from a largely nomadic huntergatherer way of life to a more
settled, agrarian-based one,
due to the inception of the
domestication of various plant
and animal species—depending
on the species locally available,
and probably also influenced by
local culture.
The Neolithic Revolution: from Hunter-Gatherer to Agriculturalist
97
THE SEVERAL COMPETING THEORIES
ABOUT THE FACTORS THAT DROVE
POPULATIONS TO TAKE UP
AGRICULTURE (5)
1. THE OASIS THEORY
2. THE HILLY FLANKS HYPOTHESIS
3. THE FEASTING MODEL
4. THE DEMOGRAPHIC THEORIES
5. THE EVOLUTIONARY/INTENTIONALITY
THEORY
98
Originally proposed by ___ in __ , and popularized
by __ in _,
suggests as the climate got drier
due to the Atlantic depressions
shifting northward, communities
contracted to oases where they
were forced into close association
with animals. These animals were
then domesticated together with
planting of seeds.
**The Oasis theory**
Raphael Pumpelly in 1908,
V. Gordon Childe in 1928
99
Proposed by _ in _, suggests
that agriculture began in the
hilly flanks of the Taurus and
Zagros mountains, where the
climate was not drier, as Childe
had believed, and that fertile
land supported a variety of
plants and animals amenable
to domestication.
**The Hilly Flanks Hypothesis**
Robert Braidwood in 1948
100
____ suggests that
agriculture was driven by
ostentatious displays of
power, such as giving
feasts, to exert dominance.
This system required
assembling large quantities
of food, a demand which
drove agricultural
technology.
**The Feasting Model**
Brian Hayden
101
Proposed by ____ and
adapted by ____ and ____ posit that an
increasingly sedentary
population outgrew the
resources in the local
environment and required
more food than could be
gathered. Various social and
economic factors helped drive
the need for food
**THE DEMOGRAPHIC THEORIES**
Carl Sauer, Lewis Binford and Kent Flannery
102
Developed by _
and others, views agriculture
as an evolutionary
adaptation of plants and
humans. Starting with
domestication by protection
of wild plants, it led to
specialization of location
and then full-fledged
domestication.
**THE EVOLUTIONARY/INTENTIONALITY THEORY**
David Rindos
103
Process through which a political
regime becomes democratic.
democratization
104
The explosive spread of
democracy around the world
beginning in the mid-20th
century radically transformed
the international political
landscape from one in which
democracies were the exception
to one in which they were the
rule.
democratization
105
Lifelong process of social interaction through which people acquire their identities and necessary survival skills in society.
socialization
106
It is considered as the central SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED
socialization
107
2 GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY
1. primary group
2. secondary group
108
Are small and characterized by close, personal, and intimate relationships that
last a long time, maybe a lifetime. These relationships are deeply personal and
loaded with emotion. The members typically include family, childhood friends,
romantic partners, and members of religious groups who have regular facetoface or verbal interaction and a shared culture and frequently engage in
activities together.
Primary groups
109
Comprise relatively impersonal and temporary relationships that are goal- or
task-oriented and are often found in employment or educational settings. While
the relationships within primary groups are intimate, personal, and enduring,
the relationships within secondary groups are organized around narrow ranges
of practical interests or goals without which these groups would not exist.
Secondary groups are functional groups created to carry out a task or achieve a
goal.
secondary group
110
Three Goals of Socialization
1) It teaches impulse control and helps individuals develop a conscience.
2) It teaches individuals how to prepare for and perform certain social roles
3) It cultivates shared sources of meaning and value
111
Process of being socialized into a specific culture. Individuals learn cultural symbols, norms, values, and language by observing and interacting with family, friends, and the rest of society.
Enculturation
112
The ‘self’ is a sociological concept.
enculturation
113
He is regarded as one of the founders of social
psychology and of what has come to be referred to as the Chicago
sociological tradition. This process is characterized by Mead as the "I"
and the "me.” The "me" is the social self and the "I" is the response to the
"me.” In other words, the "I" is the response of an individual to the
attitudes of others, while the "me" is the organized set of attitudes of
others which an individual assumes.
George Herbert Mead
114
Which a person may use to adapt to the social world.
Identity formation
115
Cote & Levin 2002, pp. 3–5developed a typology which investigated the
different manners of behavior that individuals may have. Their typology
includes:
1. refuser
2. drifter
3. searcher
4. guardian
5. resolver
116
they developed developed a typology which investigated the
different manners of behavior that individuals may have
Cote & Levin 2002
117
The sum of a being‘s knowledge and understanding of his/herself.
self concept
118
Components of self concept:
Physical
Psychological
Social attributes
119
It is one‘s feeling of identity or affiliation with a group or
culture.
Cultural Identity
120
The Identification with a certain ethnicity, usually on
the basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry
Ethnic Identity
121
Is an ethical and philosophical concept whereby all humans divided into groups called nation.
National Identity
122
Is the set of beliefs and practices generally held by an individual involving adherence to codified beliefs and rituals
Religious Identity
123
Aspects of norms (3)
1. Norms are standards of group behaviour
2. Norms incorporate value judgements
3. Norms are related to factual world
124
An essential **characteristic of group life** is that it is possessed of a set of values which **regulate the behaviour of individual members**. As we have seen already, groups do not drop out of the blue with stabilized relationships among members.
Groups are the products of interaction among individuals.
Norms are standards of group behaviour
125
Secord and Buckman say ―A
norm is a standard of behavioural expectation shared by group members
against which the validity of perceptions is **judged** and the appropriateness of feeling and behaviour is evaluated. Members of a
group exhibit certain regularities in their behaviour.
Norms incorporate value judgements
126
It may not, however, be presumed
that norms are abstract representing imaginary construct. Sociologists
are interested mainly in ―operative‖ norms, that is, norms that are
sanctioned in such a way that violators suffer penalties in the group. For
example, most of the norms of the Sermon on the Mount, although often
referred to as norms, are not sanctioned; one is not punished sociality for
refusing to ―turn the other cheek‖ .
Norms are related to factual world
127
In sociology our concern is with social values. Social values are **cultural standards that indicate the general good deemed desirable for organised social life.** These are assumptions of what is right and important for society. They
provide the ultimate meaning and legitimacy for social arrangements and social
behaviour. They are the abstract sentiments or ideals. An example of an
important social value is, ―equality of opportunity‖ . It is widely considered to
be a desirable end in itself.
Values
128
Aspects of the sociological concept of value (4)
1. Values exist at different levels of generality of abstraction
2. Values tend to be hierarchically arranged
3. Values are explicit and implicit in varying degrees
4. Values often are in conflict with one another Filipino Values
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Are important concepts in socialization because the behavior of young
members of society is controlled by assigning them a certain status
which they will enact.
Status and Roles
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the **position that an individual is expected to hold** in a group or a community; and the behaviour that we expect from the person holding such a
person is his ‘role’. Society itself works out into an orderly division of labour by
giving different persons different positions in it and assigning to each such
position of behaviour that would generally be expected of such person.
Status
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Sociologists find that status can be mainly of two types:
1. Ascribed status
2. Achieved Status
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or inherited land ‘achieved’ or acquired. If an individual‘s
status is determined at his birth, it would be regarded as an ascribed
status. Birth determines the sex and age of the child finally and
conclusively, as also his ethnic and family background. While age is a
changing factor in life, the, others remain unchanged; and in the United
States a baby born into a black family will have certain limitations which
the white baby will not suffer from.
Ascribed status
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will be **important** in such societies only which are notvery rigid about maintaining the differences between inherited statuses;
and on the question of rigidity no uniform observation can be made, since
standards, norms and ideas vary from one status to another. However,
now that inherited as well as acquired statuses are important in most
societies, we can even talk in terms of ‗multiple statuses‘.
Achieved Status
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In some sense of the word or the other, every individual adorning a status has
to play a role as if he were dramatizing it. An individual‘s ____ is the behaviour
expected of him in his status and in the determination of his relationship with
other members of his group.
role
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Two types of role conflict:
1. Role strain
2. role manipulation
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occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the
responsibilities of a particular role in his or her life. If you're reading this
right now at a time when you are having trouble keeping up with the
expectations on you as a student, learning all you need to learn, keeping
on top of the work involved, this means you are experiencing strain on
your role as a student.
role strain
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Manipulation is an emotionally unhealthy
psychological strategy used by people who are incapable of asking for what
they want and need in a direct way, ‖ says Sharie Stines, a California-based
therapist who specializes in abuse and toxic relationships. ―People who
are trying to manipulate others are trying to control others.
role manipulation
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The active or passive process of a group regulating itself according to its beliefs,
principles, and values. A major purpose of ____ is to **stop or prevent negative deviance,** which is a break from established laws and values that may be damaging to others. Just keep in mind that what is considered normal, moral, valuable, ethical, or deviant varies from social group to social group.
Social control
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two types of social control:
Informal Control
formal social control
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Family, friends, and colleagues are three types of people that exert ____ ____ ____, a type of social control that stems from the **approval or disapproval of people we associate with** and consider
important.
informal (social) control
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This refers to organizations or systems that use strict and delineated rules, values, morals, and the like that we are
commonly told or compelled to obey.
formal social control
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in a sociological context, describes actions or behaviors that **violate** informal social norms or formally-enacted rules. Among those who study social norms and their relation to deviance are sociologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, and criminologists, all of whom investigate how norms change and are enforced over time.
Deviance
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Deviance is often divided into two types of activities:
formal deviance
informal deviance
144
Can denote the special elevation of the human species, the special
potentiality associated with rational humanity, or the basic entitlements of each
individual. There are, by extension, dramatically different normative uses to
which the concept can be put. It is connected, variously, to ideas of sanctity,
autonomy, personhood, flourishing, and self-respect, and human dignity
produces, at different times, strict prohibitions and empowerment of the
individual. It can also, potentially, be used to express the core commitments of
liberal political philosophy as well as precisely those dutybased obligations to
self and others that communitarian philosophers consider to be systematically
neglected by liberal political philosophy.
Human Dignity
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Are **rights inherent to all human beings,** regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. Human rights
include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of
opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more.
Human Rights
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Lays down the obligations of Governments to **act in certain ways** or to refrain
from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and
fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups.
International human rights law
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We assert that human and peoples‘rights are our **fundamental, inherent and
inalienable rights to life, dignity and development**. We recognize that these
rights are **universal, interdependent and indivisible** and are essential to fulfill and satisfy our **civil, political, economic, social, cultural, spiritual and environmental needs.** They are what make us human.
the human and peoples' Rights Declaration of the Philippines
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From the era of the ancient Greek city-states through contemporary political
philosophy, the idea of the ____ has pointed toward the **possibility that certain goods,** such as security and justice, can be **achieved only through citizenship, collective action, and active participation** in the public realm of
politics and public service. In effect, the notion of the common good is a denial
that society is and should be composed of atomized individuals living in isolation
from one another. Instead, its proponents have asserted that people can and
should live their lives as citizens deeply embedded in social relationships.
Common Good
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Asserted that man is political by nature. It is only through participation as citizens in the political community, or polis, provided by the state that men may achieve the common good of community safety—only as citizens and through active engagement with politics, whether as a public servant, a participant in the deliberation of laws and justice, or as a soldier defending the polis, that
the common good can be achieved. Indeed, ____ argued that only
matters of the common good are right; matters for the rulers’ good are
wrong.
In Book I of the Politics, Aristotle
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The notion of the common good was next taken up in the late 15th and early 16th centuries in the work of ____, most famously in The Prince. Machiavelli contended that securing the **common good would depend upon the existence of virtuous citizens.** Indeed, Machiavelli developed the notion of virtù to denote the quality of promoting the common good through the act of citizenship, be it through military or political action.
Machiavelli
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For ___, writing in the mid-18th century, the notion of the common
good, achieved through the active and voluntary commitment of citizens,
was to be distinguished from the pursuit of an individual‘s private will.
Thus, the ―general will‖ of the citizens of a republic, acting as a corporate
body, should be distinguished from the particular will of the individual.
Political authority would only be regarded as legitimate if it was according
to the general will and toward the common good. The pursuit of the
common good would enable the state to act as a moral community.
Rousseau
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ideal was
notably illustrated with the publication of the Federalist papers, in which **Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay** provided a passionate defense of the new Constitution of the United States. Madison, for example,
argued that political constitutions should seek out wise, discerning rulers
in search of the common good.
The importance of the common good to the republican
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Instead of a single common good, an emphasis has been placed upon the possibility of realizing a number of politically defined common goods, including certain goods arising from the act of citizenship.
The common good has been defined as either the corporate good of a social
group, the aggregate of individual goods, or the ensemble of conditions for
individual goods.
In the modern era
