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11-JOEL > Stats (3rd Quarter) > Flashcards

Stats (3rd Quarter) Flashcards

1
Q

It is a mathematical concept used to measure the occurrence of statistical events.

A

Probability

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2
Q

It is the chance of a certain event will occur
or happen.

A

Probability

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3
Q

Comes from the Latin word “Status” or Italian word “Statistia” or German word “Statistik” or the French word “Statistique”; meaning a political state, and originally meant information useful to the state, such as information about sizes of the population (human, animal, products, etc.)

A

Statistics

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4
Q

A science that studies data to be able
to make a decision.

A

Statistics

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5
Q

A science involves the methods of collecting, processing, summarizing and analyzing data in order to provide answers or solutions to an inquiry

A

Statistics

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6
Q

Statistics as a Tool in Decision-Making it enable us to:

A
  • Characterize persons, objects, situations, and phenomena;
  • Explain relationships among variables;
  • Formulate objective assessments and comparisons; and,
    more importantly
  • Make evidence-based decisions and predictions.
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7
Q

Provides information only about collected data and does not draw inferences or conclusions about a larger set of data.

A

Descriptive Statistics

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8
Q

used when one makes a decision, estimates prediction or generalization about a population based on a sample.

A

Inferential Statistics

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9
Q

The collection or set of units or entities from whom we got the data

A

Universe

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10
Q

Is a characteristic that is observable or
measurable in every unit of the universe

A

Variable

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11
Q

Set of all possible values of a variable

A

Population

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12
Q

A subgroup of a universe or of a population

A

Sample

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13
Q

The information we asked from the respondents.

A

Variable

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14
Q

A characteristic that is observable or
measurable in every unit of the universe.

A

Variable

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15
Q

It is referred to as categorical
variables such as:
sex (male or female),
religion,
marital status,
region of residence,
highest educational attainment,
etc.

A

Qualitative

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16
Q

____ data answer
questions “what kind.”

A

Qualitative

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17
Q

Otherwise called as numerical
data, whose sizes are
meaningful.

A

Quantitative

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18
Q

It answer questions such as
“how much” or “how many”.

A

Quantitative

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19
Q

____ variables have
actual units of measure.

A

Quantitative

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20
Q

____ data may be
classified to as discrete or
continuous.

A

Quantitative

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21
Q

are those data that can be counted that
includes whole numbers or integers,
example: the number of days, the ages
of survey respondents, and the number
of patients in a hospital.

A

Discrete

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22
Q

are those that can be measured that
includes fractions and decimals,
example. height of a survey
respondent and the volume of some
liquid substance.

A

Continuous

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23
Q

According to NATURE, ____ is obtained from variables which are in the form of numbers.

A

Quantitative or numerical data

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24
Q

According to NATURE, ____ is obtained from variables which are in the form of categories,characteristics, names or labels.

A

Qualitative or categorical data

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25
Q

According to ARRANGEMENT, ____ is the data without any specific order or arrangement. They are referred to as raw data.

A

Ungrouped data

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26
Q

According to ARRANGEMENT, ____ is the data that are arranged or tabulated and presented in an organizedmanner

A

Grouped data

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27
Q

According to SOURCE, ____ it is the first-hand information. Example: Data gathered from a survey, where the person who collected the data is the one using it.

A

Primary data

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28
Q

According to SOURCE, ____ is the second-hand information. Example: Information from newspapers or journals, economics indicators. The data being used are collected by another person or organization.

A

Secondary data

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29
Q

It uses any or combination of the five senses (sense of sight, touch, hearing, taste and smell) to measure the variable.

A

Subjective method

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30
Q

____ obtains data by getting responses through a questionnaire.

A

Objective method

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31
Q

It obtained through the ___________________ by other entities for certain purposes.

A

use of existing records or data collected

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32
Q

3 Types of interviews conducted for data collection

A
  1. Telephone interviews
  2. Face-to-face interviews
  3. Computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI)
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33
Q

Data presentation (3)

A
  1. Textual
  2. Tabular
  3. Graphical
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34
Q

Presenting Data in the form of words, sentences and paragraphs.

A

Textual

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35
Q

Detailed information are given. It involves enumerating important characteristics, emphasizing significant figures and identifying important features of data.

A

Textual

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36
Q

Numerical values are presented using tables.

A

Tabular

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37
Q

Information are lost in tabular presentation of data.

A

Tabular

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38
Q

The usual tabular form of presenting the distribution of the data.

A

frequency distribution table

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39
Q

A visual representation of data statistics-based results using graphs, plots, and charts.

A

Graphical

40
Q

Levels of measurement (4)

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Ratio
Interval

41
Q

Measurement arises when we have variables that are categorical and non-numeric or where the numbers have no sense of ordering.

A

Nominal

42
Q

This level ordering is important, that is the values of the variable could be ranked.

A

Ordinal

43
Q

These scales have no absolute values–all that we can say is that one person is higher or lower in rank without stating how much greater or less.

A

Ordinal

44
Q

The data can be categorized and ranked
It tells us that one unit differs by a certain amount of degree from another unit. Can state how much unit differs from another.

A

Interval

45
Q

No absolute zero.

A

Interval

46
Q

The data can be categorized and ranked.
There is an existence of zero

A

Ratio

47
Q

It is how likely something is to happen. “chance”

A

Probability

48
Q

It is a way to map outcomes of a statistical experiment determined by chance into numbers.

A

Random Variable

49
Q

It is an activity that will produce outcomes, or a process that will generate data. The outcomes have a corresponding chance of occurrence.

A

Statistical Experiment

50
Q

It helps model random phenomena

A

Random Variable

51
Q

It is used to model outcomes of random processes that cannot be predicted deterministically in advance (but the range of numerical outcomes may, however, be reviewed).

A

Random Variable

52
Q

These are random variables that can take on a finite number of distinct values.

A

Discrete Random Variables

53
Q

These are random variables that take an infinitely uncountable number of possible values, typically measurable quantities.

A

Continuous Random Variables

54
Q

2 Types of Random Variables

A

Discrete Random Variables
Continuous Random Variables

55
Q

The collection of information from a sample of individuals through their responses to questions.

A

Survey

56
Q

It is a method of systematically gathering information on a segment of the population such as individuals, families, wildlife, farms, business firms, and unions of workers, for the purpose of quantitative descriptors of the attributes of the population.

A

Sample Survey

57
Q

Need for Sampling (5):

A

Cost
Timeliness
Accuracy
Detailed Information
Destructive Testing

58
Q

A sample often provides useful and reliable information at a much lower cost than a census.

A

Cost

59
Q

A sample usually provides more timely information because fewer data are to be collected and processed. This attribute is particularly important when information is needed quickly.

A

Timeliness

60
Q

A sample often provides information as accurate, or more accurate, than a census, because data errors typically can ba controlled better in small tasks.

A

Accuracy

61
Q

More time is spent in getting detailed information with sample surveys than with censuses.

A

Detailed Information

62
Q

When a test involves the destruction of an item, sampling must be used.

A

Destructive Testing

63
Q

involves random selection, allowing you to make strong statistical inferences about the whole group. It means every member of the target population has the opportunity to be included in the sample.

A

Probability Sampling

64
Q

involves non-random selection based on convenience or other criteria, allowing you to easily collect data. This means that not every member of the population is given the chance to be part of the sample.

A

Non-probability Sampling

65
Q

Basic Types of Probability Sampling (5):

A
  1. Simple Random Sampling
  2. Stratified Sampling
  3. Systematic Sampling
  4. Cluster Sampling
  5. Multistage Sampling
66
Q

is a type of probability sampling in which the researcher randomly selects a subset of participants from a population. Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Data is then collected from as large a percentage as possible of this random subset.

A

Simple Random Sampling

67
Q

It is an extension of simple random sampling which allows for different homogeneous groups, called strata, in the population to be represented in the sample. To obtained a stratified sample, the population is divided into two or more strata based on common characteristics.

A

Stratified Sampling

68
Q

Elements are selected from the population at a uniform interval that is measured in time, order, or space. There is firstly, a decision on a desired sample size.

A

Systematic Sampling

69
Q

It is a probability sampling method in which you divide a population into clusters, such as districts or schools, and then randomly select some of these clusters as your sample.

A

Cluster Sampling

70
Q

This is more complex sampling technique which includes
* dividing the population into strata,
* dividing each stratum into clusters, and
* drawing a sample from each cluster using the simple random sampling technique.

A

Multistage Sampling

71
Q

Basic Types of Non-probability Sampling (4):

A
  1. Accidental Sampling
  2. Volunteer Sampling
  3. Purposive Sampling
  4. Quota Sampling
72
Q

It is a type of nonprobability sampling in which people are sampled simply because they are “convenient” sources of data for researchers. Under this method, researcher does not take special efforts to select the sample, but simply selects those who are immediately available.

A

Accidental Sampling

73
Q

For this type of sampling, participant volunteer rather than being chosen.

A

Volunteer sampling

74
Q

pertains to having an expert select a representative sample based on his own subjective judgment.

A

Purposive Sampling

75
Q

sample units are picked for convenience but certain quotas (such as the number of persons to interview) are given to interviewers. This design is especially used in market research.

A

Quota Sampling

76
Q

Large-scale or small-scale.

A

Size of the sample

77
Q

Where respondents are monitored periodically, cross-section, longitudinal, or quarterly.

A

Periodicity

78
Q

Descriptive, analytic

A

Main objective

79
Q

Mail, face-to-face interviews, e-survey,phone survey, or SMS survey.

A

Methods of data collection

80
Q

Individual, household, establishment, farmer, OFW, etc.

A

Respondents

81
Q

Ways of Classifying surveys (5)

A

Size of the sample
Periodicity
Main objective
Methods of data collection
Respondents

82
Q

A type of observational study design.

A

Cross-sectional study design

83
Q

The investigator measures the outcome and the exposures in the study participants at the same time.

A

Cross-sectional study

84
Q

Researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that might occur over a period of time

A

Longitudinal study

85
Q

Possible sources of biases in a sample surveys that one should be cautious about (4):

A

Wording of questions
Sensitivity of the survey topic
Interviewer biases
Non-response biases

86
Q

Can influence the response enormously

A

Wording of questions

87
Q

income, sex, illegal behavior, etc.

A

Sensitivity of the survey topic

88
Q

Selecting respondents or in the responses generated because of the appearance and demeanor of the interviewer.

A

Interviewer biases

89
Q

Happens when targeted respondents opt not to provide information in the survey.

A

Non-response biases

90
Q

Types of survey errors

A

Sampling Error
Non-sampling Error

91
Q

It results from chance variation from sample to sample in a probability sample.

A

Sampling Error

92
Q

It is roughly the difference between the value obtained in a sample statistic and the value of the population parameter that would have arisen had a census been conducted. Since estimates of a parameter from probability sample would vary from sample to sample, the variation in estimates serves as a measure of sampling error.

A

Sampling Error

93
Q

Non-sampling Error

This results if some groups are excluded from the frame and have no chance of being selected.

A

Coverage error or selection bias

94
Q

Non-sampling Error

________ ____ arising due to weaknesses in question design, respondent error, and interviewer’s impact on the respondent.

A

Measurement error

94
Q

Non-sampling Error

This occurs when people who do not respond may be different from those who do respond

A

Non-response error or bias

95
Q

Non-sampling Error (3):

A
  • Coverage error or selection bias
  • Non-response error or bias
  • Measurement error

11-JOEL (32 decks)

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