Instituto Cervantes 10

Question 1

1. Marisa SE EMPEÑO EN ir al campo, Y ESO QUE le dije que iba a llover (happened in past = real)
   1a. empeñarse en = to insist on, empeñar = to pawn, belongings + to give, ones word
   1b. Empeñarse en =insistir en, but NOT instar a = urge.
2. Con lo que tenemos es suficiente. No necesitamos más.
3. Ganaron el partido, Y ESO QUE Ronaldo falló un penalti. (happened in past = real) (fallar, as in miss target)

Answer 1

1. Marisa INSISTED ON going to the country ALTHOUGH I told her it was going to rain. (not aunque, why ok?)
   1a. what vb in 1. mean if not pronom
   1b. what an alt to vb in 1 + what not an alt vb?
2. (with) What we have is enough. We don´t need more.
3. They won the game although Ronaldo MISSED a penalty. (not anque, why ok?) (explain vb)

Question 2

1. porque se nos dificulta un poco (dificultar - to make difficult, by introducing obstacles not previously there)
2. the subject of the sentence receives the action, ie doesn’t do it + don’t mention explicitly what is causing us difficulty = se + vb 3 person singular or plural
3. se + vb 3 person singular + no subject
4. He tardado en contestarte porque en realidad es un caso excepcional

Answer 2

1. because its been a little difficult for us (to save) (vb)
2. What is pasiva refleja?
3. How differ from impersonal?
4. I took awhile in replying (to you) because actually it’s an exception.

Question 3

1. los resultados se conocerán pronto
2. pasiva refleja - the subject (they) receive the action (of finding out) + don’t know from whom THEREFORE + se
3. Desde este edificio se ve todo la ciudad.
4. passive - there’s no subject THEREFORE 3rd person singular + se

Answer 3

1. They will find out the results soon,
2. What type of vb structure in 1? Therefore what?
3. From this building one (can) see all the city. (no poder)
4. What type of vb structure in 3? Therefore what?

Question 4

1. CON + LAS cosas + QUE + dice (indic), no me extraña que lo miren mal. (mirar mal a algiuen = to disapprove of s.o or hold in contempt)
2. CON + LA + DE cosas + QUE + dice (indic), no me extraña que lo miren mal.
3. En el segundo caso, se quiere hacer hincapié en que son muchas cosas
4. June Almeida (DE apellido de soltera, Hart)

Answer 4

1. With the things that he says I´m not surprised they disapprove of him. (vb)
2. With all the things that he says I’m not surprised they hold him in contempt.
3. In the second example, one wants to highlight that there are many things (this is Cristina´s explanation in Spanish)
4. June Almeida ([] maiden name, Hart)

Question 5

1. CON+ EL +dinero + QUE + tengo (indic) y no puedo pagar un coche.
2. CON + LA DE + dinero + QUE tengo (indic) y no puedo pagar un coche.
3. In 1. know have money, but not how much. In 2. know that I have a lot of money.
4. costearse = poder pagar

Answer 5

1. With the money that I have I can’t afford a car.
2. With all the money that I have I can’t afford a car.
3. What difference between 1 and 2.
4. A synonym to afford

Question 6

1. Con respecto a + LO DEl tercer café, no puedo
   2a. respeto = expresa un sentimiento de consideración hacia alguien
   2b. respecto a = es una locución adverbial que expresa “en relación con…”
2. botoquín (m)
3. fármacos = medicamentos
4. la CEPA de bacteriasQ

Answer 6

1. Regarding=In relation to + THAT third coffee, I can’t … (Elvira)
2. What difference between respeto y respecto
3. first aid kit
4. drugs or medecine (2x N)
5. the STRAIN of bacteria

Question 7

1. analizando MUESTRAS de TEJIDO (fabric)
2. su sueldo apenas alcanzaba LAS dos libras SEMANALes
3. A pesar de su ESCASÍSIMA educación académica (escasez - shortage, dearth)
4. X, A queien CALIFICAR DE + ser tan brillante como POCO CONVENCIONAL (calificar + N + DE + adj = to describe N as adj, ie attribute quality eg inútil = useless) (calificar = to mark or to score)
   5 las críticas LA + calificaron de + pésima actriz.

Answer 7

1. analyzing TISSUE + SAMPLES (what gen meaning of N for tissue)
2. her salary scarcely reached [] two pounds WEEKLY
3. Despite her SCANT academic education (explain N)
4. X, [] who he DESCRIBES AS being as brilliant as UNORTHODOX (explain vb) (what vb mean NOT in that structure)
   5 The reviews described her as [an] awful actress.

Question 8

1. A pesar del medio siglo que ha pasado … (medio = adj, mitad = N)
2. menos estrictos A LA HORA DE + (inf) contar con personal sin titulación universitario
3. una niño enfermo de un INTERNADO de Surrey
4. cuando el British Medical Journal SE HIZO ECO DEl hito (hacerse eco de = to repeat, what s.o else did or way ie to parrot or to echoe)

Answer 8

1. Despite the HALF century that has passed … (explain half)
2. (were) less strict WHEN IT CAME/COMES TO relying on people without [a] university degree
3. a sick child from a Surrey BOARDING SCHOOL
4. when the British Medical Journal REPEATED the landmark (explain verbal phrase)

Question 9

1. y COMO te dije anteriormente podemos sentirnos más tranquilos sabiendo (mode ie how)
2. ¿CÓMO no se te ha ocurrido traerme aquí desde el principio? (conj of vb ocurrirse algo a mí, not passiva refleja but similar struct and reasoning)
3. COMO en sus aulas ni se grita, ni se castiga, mucha gente piensa… (causation + indic)
4. When use como to express cause, must place the cause before the consequence ie como + indic cause, conseq

Answer 9

1. and LIKE I told you PREVIOUSLY we can feel calmer knowing … (Sonia) (what like expressing)
2. WHY didn´t you think to bring me here from the beginning? (explain struct)
3. SINCE + AS in their classrooms one neither shouts nor punishes, many people think …
4. Explain SINCE and structure

Question 10

1. AL NO HABLAR inglés, lo tengo muy difícil (al + no + inf = causative meaning like como)(al + inf = 2 actions same time)
2. COMO + (subj vb) no me expliQUES immediatemente lo que ha pasado, hoy no sales a jugar (structure has un matiz de amenaza)
3. la videoconsola para jugar EN TRAYECTO A la escuela (trayecto = journey)
4. las CERAS de colores (cera also = wax)

Answer 10

1. SINCE + AS I don’t speak English, I find it hard (explain structure + not como or alt connector)
2. IF you don’t explain what happened immediately, you’re not going out to play today. (explain structure?)
3. the gaming device to play EN ROUTE TO school (explain en route to)
4. the coloured crayons (explain crayon)

Question 11

1. Ya que, puesto que (given that or due to)
2. ONLY use when the cause IS known.
3. USUALLY, like como always = Connector + (vb indic) cause, consequence. BUT ocassionally structure = Consequence, connector + (vb indic) cause.
4. YA QUE not formal, PUESTO QUE + DADO QUE formal
5. Le gusta tanto que no PARA DE hablar de la escuela (para de + inf = dejar de + inf)o

Answer 11

1 What other 2 connectors mean SINCE or AS (but not como)

2. When can these 2 connectors be used?
3. What is the structure with these connectors?
4. What is the difference in register between the 2 connectors?
5. He liked it so much he COULDN¨T STOP talking about the school? (alt structure)

Question 12

1. lleva su delantal, PUESTO QUE esta mañana le toca hacer pan (consequence, connector + cause)
2. lo que hace este método es PROPICIAR el juego libre
3. Me voy, QUE prefiero no discutir (everyday situation + pause before que ie comma)
4. PORQUE eres tú, te permito que uses mi pluma (because at front of sentence for extra emphasis, otherwise consequence + porque + (indic vb) cause

Answer 12

1. he´s taking his apron SINCE this morning its his turn to make bread (explain structure)
2. what this method does is FOSTER free play (vb, as in create a favourable atmosphere for ie like facilitate + NOT = fomentar)
3. I’m going BECAUSE I’d prefer not to argue (explain why this word for because)
4. BECAUSE its you, I’ll let you use my pen (explain why this word for because)

Question 13

1. CONCEBIMOS la enseñanza EN FUNCIÓN DEl desarrollo de cada niño
2. Es un método que crea personas SOLIDARIAS
3. ¿No vienes, Santi? ES QUE tengo que estudiar. (Response to Q + is an excuse or justification + use indic)
4. Ha de interesar al lector. (ha de + inf = has to or should or must, use in formal written, use tener que + inf in ordinary speach)

Answer 13

1. WE CONCEIVE OF education IN TERMS OF-ACCORDING TO the development of each child
2. It is a method which produces CARING people (produces, as in creates)
3. You’re not coming, Santi? IT’S THAT I’ve got to study (explain it’s that structure)
4. It has to interest the reader. (Explain the structure? When use? Alternative?_

Question 14

1. se diviertan con los JUGUETES que les han hecho sus padres, YA QUE otra caracteristica de estos centros …
2. consequence, connector + cause, can’t be como cos’ como has to be the other way around
   3a. No comes? ¿No te gusta la comida?
   3b. NO ES QUE no me gustE, es que no tengo hambre. (response to Q + don’t agree with Q + use subj)

Answer 14

1. they have fun with the TOYS that their fathers have made them, SINCE another characteristic of these centres…
2. Explain struct in 1 and why can´t be como?
   3a. You´re not eating. You don´t like the food?
   3b. No, IT´S NOT THAT I don´t like it. It´s that I´m not hungry. (explain it’s not that structure)

Question 15

1. la enorme importancia que CONFIERE a la alimentación de los alumnos (conferir)
2. hay algo que este método NO VE CON BUENOS OJOS (no ver con buenos ojos)
3. YA QUE estás nervioso, tómate una tila (Is a known situation = ya que or puesto que. Isn’t a formal situation = ya que.)
4. Enviaremos el informe PUESTO QUE todos están de acuerdo. (Ocassionally folllows porque structure = ya que o puesto que. Is a known situation = ya que or puesto que. Is a formal situation = puesto que.)

Answer 15

1. the enormous importance that IT CONFERS ON the students DIET
2. there is something this method DOESN’T TAKE KINDLY TOO-WELCOME (expression)
3. SINCE your nervous take a lime-blossom tea (Decision part for that since word + isn’t como)
4. We will send the report SINCE everyone is in agreement. (Decision path for that since word + isn’t como)

Question 16

1. porque + oración
2. por + sustantivo/infinitivo
3. como + oración
4. debido a + sustantivo, debido a que + oración
5. a causa de + sustantivo
6. gracias a + sustantivo, gracias a que + oración IF has POSITIVE effects
7. por culpa de sustantivo, por culpa de que + oración IF has NEGATIVE effects

Answer 16

Seven structures to give information about causes or reasons:

1. porque = because + what structure?
2. por = because of or for + what structure?
3. como = since or because + what structure?
4. debido a = due to or because of + what structure?
5. a cause de = due to or because of + what structure
6. gracias a = thanks to + structure?
7. por culpa de = as a result of or because + structure?

Question 17

1. que + indic in daily (not formal). There is a pause before the explanation. Pause shown by a comma.
2. Es que + indic, to give an excuse or justification in response to a question
3. No es que + subj, to deny the cause suggested by the other person
4. Porque + indic = gives added emphasis
5. neg sentence + (only) porque + subj

Answer 17

1. When use QUE in a causal sentence? How spoken and written?
2. When use ES QUE in a causal sentence?
3. When use NO ES QUE in a causal sentence?
4. Why put porque at the beginning of a sentence?
5. How communicate that the reason given isn’t sufficient ie don’t agree with it?