Intro & Feedstuffs Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Which of the following feedstuffs has the highest protein content (%)?
Corn silage
Wheat
Timothy hay
Soybean meal
A
Soybean meal
2
Q
Select the most used cereal in poultry feeding:
Wheat, Maize/corn, Barley, Oats, Millet
A
Maize/Corn
3
Q
What is the essential Amino acid for cats?
A
Taurine
4
Q
Which of the following is the NON-essential amino acid?
Arginine Histidine Tryptophan Valine None of the above
A
NONE OF THE ABOVE
All are essential AA
5
Q
Which of the following is the saturated fatty acid?
Acetic, Oleic, Linoleic
A
Acetic
6
Q
What is the mineral in higher content in beef cattle ash?
K, P, Mo, Zn, Ca
A
Ca - Calcium
7
Q
What is the primary nutrient component in livestock feeds?
A
Carbohydrates
Composed of: C, H, O
8
Q
What is a monosaccharide? What are two important monosaccharides we often refer to?
A
1 sugar molecule
**Fructose and Glucose
(these are hexose monosaccharides)
Fructose and glucose together make Sucrose
9
Q
What is a disaccharide? Some examples?
A
2 sugar molecules
Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose
10
Q
What is a polysaccharide and some examples?
A
Multiple sugar molecules
Cellulose, glycogen, starch, gums, hemicellulose
11
Q
Where is protein found in the highest concentration?
A
In all living organisms (after water)
12
Q
What are some functions of proteins?
A
Protecting the body (hair, skin) Food digestion (enzymes) Stimulating growth (hormones) Immune reactions (immunoglobulins)
13
Q
What are the building blocks of proteins?
A
Amino acids
Protein = a long chain of amino acids
14
Q
What are the essential amino acids?
A
Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, Taurine (cats)
15
Q
What amino acids are low in cereals and thus more likely for those animals eating them to be deficient in?
A
Lysine
Methionine
Tryptophan
16
Q
T/F: If an AA is required to synthesize a protein is not available, that protein will not be synthesized
A
TRUE
17
Q
Organic compounds insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent, are _________
A
lipids
Found in plants and animals
18
Q
What is the main role of lipids?
A
Concentrated form of stored energy
19
Q
What constitutes a saturated fatty acid?
A
When all bonds in the carbon are taken up by hydrogen (all the carbons are saturated)
20
Q
What are five common unsaturated fatty acids?
A
Palmitoleic Oleic Linoleic Linolenic Arachidonic
21
Q
What are essential fatty acids?
A
FA that animals require but are NOT able to synthesize
Ex: linoleic and linolenic
22
Q
What percent of the monogastric animals diet is composed of essential fatty acids?
A
1%
These are imporant to the lipid protein structure of the cell membrane and prostaglandin
23
Q
Scaly skin, necrosis of the tail, and poor feathering are all examples of what nutrient deficiency?
A
Lipids/Essential fatty acids
More frequent in poultry
24
Q
Macro minerals are the major minerals found in concentrations above ______
Micro minerals (trace minerals) are found in concentrations less than ___________
A
100 ppm
25
What are some important macro minerals?
Ca, P, Cl, Mg, K, Na, S
26
Most minerals found in the animal body are part of the _________
Skeleton
*ash content = mineral content (non specific)
27
What are some mineral deficiencies seen in sheep, piglets, pigs, goats and chickens?
Cobalt in sheep
Iron in piglets
Seleium in pigs
Zinc in goats and chickens
28
What animals can not synthesize Vitamin C?
humans, guinea-pigs, monkeys
29
What vitamins are water soluble?
What vitamins are fat soluble?
Water = C, B1, B2, B6, B12
Fat = A, D, E, K
30
Where are most vitamins stored in the body?
Liver
| smaller amts are stored in the kidneys and spleen
31
Anorexia, Reduced growth, dermatitis, muscular incoordination, and weakness are all signs of what nutrient deficiency?
Vitamin deficiency
32
What specific vitamin deficiencies cause blindness, rickets, and tissue hemorrhage?
```
Blindness = vitamin A
Rickets = vitamin D
Hemorrhage = vitamin K
```
33
What is the difference between digestible energy (DE) and Metabolisable energy (ME)?
DE = Gross energy feed - GE feces
ME = DE - Gross energy (urine and gasses)
34
T/F: 1 Calorie = 1kcal
TRUE
calorie (cal) *Gross energy* = amt of energy needed to raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius
Nutrition use of calorie (Cal) = amt of energy needed to raise the temp of one kilogram of water by one degree celsius
35
What are sources of water that animals use?
```
Drinking water
Free water (included in feedstuffs)
Metabolic water = released when nutrients and body tissues are broken down
```
36
T/F: Animals in arid environments obtain a lower percentage of water from sources other than drinking
FALSE
Higher percentage (bc they have less access to drinking water)
37
Water can be lost via what organs, or secretions?
urine, feces, lungs, skin surface, milk
38
Good quality water contains less than ______ % dissolvent solids
0.25%
39
What are commonly found minerals in water?
```
Chloride
sodium
magnesium
calcium
sulphates and bicarbonates
```
40
What is the most common analysis for used for feed samples?
Proximate analysis
Estimates : dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, nitrogen free extract
41
What does the Kjeldahl method measure?
Crude protein
42
Inorganic minerals are determined by their _____ content
Ash
**specific mineral content is not determined
43
What is an oxygen bomb calorimeter used to measure?
Energy
44
T/F: Low NDF values are desired in quality feed
TRUE (NDF increases as forages mature)
Neutral detergent fiber = structural components of the plant, specifically the cell wall
provides bulk or fill
45
What is the acid detergent fiber or ADF? Is it desirable in feedstuffs?
ADF= the least digestible plant components, including cellulose and lignin
The lower the ADF the more nutritious the feed
46
Plant materials (roughages or forages) primarily provide dietary ________
Carbohydrates
47
______ may be defined as dietary components that are high in fiber (cellulose)
Roughage
48
_____ may be defined as the total plant material to be consumed by the animal
Forage
49
_______ may be defined as plant material not including seeds or roots
Herbage
**primarily used for wildlife
50
T/F: Monogastric animals perform well on roughages
FALSE
Ruminants do well on roughages bc they require the action of microbial digestion --> therefore they are usually low on readily available carbs compared to other feeds
51
What are the four categories of herbage?
Grasses, Legumes, Forbs, Browse
52
What herbage has the ability to convert atmosphere Nitrogen into crude protein?
Legumes
53
T/F: C3 grasses typically have lower protein content that C4 grasses
False
C4 grasses have lower protein content than C3
C4 type = tropical and sub tropical
C3 = majority in temperate countries
54
This is a grass that is found in the southern USA, in lawns, pastures, and hays, it has a dense root mass and can become fibrous when over mature. What grass was described?
Bermuda grass
protein 15%
55
This grass is perennial and is higher quality in the cool season. Protein content ranges from 12-16%. What grass is being described?
Ryegrass
56
This grass is a very common in cold season grass that is relatively hardy in the winter. It is present in the US and Canada and has a crude protein of 12%. What grass is being described?
Brome grass
| good for beef cattle
57
This grass is common on lawns and pastures. It is drought tolerant and can grow in warm to cold climates. It is often contaminated with endophyte fungus which can cause many medical problems in horses and cattle. What grass is being described?
Fescue grass
58
What complications can occur with fescue?
Produces ergot type alkaloids, fescue foot in cattle (gangrene)
59
What is a favorite grass for horses, that is cold adapted, and can be cubed?
Timothy
cubed for rabbits and horses
60
What are some characteristics of orchard grass?
very common and quality grass hay
Grows in cool weather
very productive
Cp should be around 14-17% but in early growing grass is 25%, and hay 12%
61
what are four native grasses?
Little bluestem
Big bluestem
Indian grass
Switch grass
62
What are some examples of legumes?
Alfalfa, clovers, soybeans, green beans, peas and lentils
63
Is alfalfa drought tolerant?
Yes - bc it is deeply rooted
It is also, highly palatable, and an excellent source of protein, calcium, carotene, tocopherol, and water soluble vitamins
64
What are some alfalfa associated problems?
Bloat in cattle (if grazed)
Blister beetle toxicity in horses: Epicauta spp of beetle - contains cantharidin --> GI irritant (oral ulcers, colic) to death in horses
65
T/F: Alfalfa hay must be cut after the bloom stage to prevent adverse effects
False. Must be cut before the bloom stage to prevent blister beetles
66
What are some problems associated with feeding sweet clover?
High in coumarin which is converted by molds to dicoumarol --> anti vitamin K
*may cause bleeding problems (death is rare) Cattle are more affected that sheep/horses - neonates are affected the most
67
What legume has a tendency to accumulate mycotoxins and causes salivary syndrome in horses?
What problems does it cause in cattle?
Red clover (has characteristic red flower)
Cause bloat, dhr, frequent urination in cattle
68
What problem can alsike clover cause in horses? How can this be prevented?
Photosenstization
Alsike clover should not be fed to horses in greater than 5% of the feed
69
What legume is common in pastures and laws all over the world, originating from Europe? It has high CP ~ 17-33%
White clover aka Dutch clover
70
Any low growing broad leaf plant that commonly grows with grass plants is referred to as _______
______ are very good at using these as a food source
Forbs
Goats
71
T/F: Browse and woody plants are a last resort plant material
TRUE
some goat breeds and wild animals like deer and bison can digest these
72
T/F: Forages/Pastures are most nutritious if harvested and or eaten as a mature plant
FALSE
YOUNGER is better!
(less nutritious once flowering)
73
What is green chop?
Forage harvested and chopped daily
moisture content and nutritional value change through out the year
74
What are some advantages of feeding green chop to cattle?
Less nutrient loss
| May reduce bloat
75
How is hay preserved?
By drying. It is foraged, dried, then baled at a low water content
76
How is silage preserved? What is the most commonly used form of silage?
Anaerobic preservation (form of controlled fermentation) - then stored in a tower, bunker, or bag
Corn is the most commonly used silage
77
What are 2 examples of carbonaceous silage and 2 exampled of proteinaceous silages?
Carbonaceous - corn and grass
Proteinaceous - alfalfa and clover
78
Corn silage is made when kernels have reached the ______ stage
dent
79
Straw is the non-grain part of crops such as _____ or _____
Wheat or oats
It is low in energy, protein, minerals, vitamins --> little nutritional value
80
Cereal grains are grains produced by plants of the ________ family
grass
Ex: corn, rice, wheat, barley, oats, sorghum
81
What is the number one US grain?
CORN
it is very productive, highly palatable, HIGH ENERGY, low fiber. low protein and several AA
82
What animals can be fed corn and cob meal?
Ruminants
when the cob is included there is more fiber, it is less digestible, and there is a lower CP than corn grain
83
Fill in the blank (high or low)
| Wheat cereal is ____ energy, _____ CP, and ______ fiber
high energy
high CP
Low fiber
84
Can barley be fed while it's green?
NO!
Barley is cold tolerant, is a hard kernel that must be rolled, ground, or flaked
*more drought tolerant than wheat
85
T/F: Oats are lower in fiber and have less energy than other grains
TRUE
86
T/F: Bran has more fiber and less energy than whole grain
TRUE
Bran is the outer covering of the grain seed. It is removed when white flour is made
87
Which cereal product has the greatest CP?
```
barley
corn
wheat
sorghum
wheat bran
```
Wheat
88
Molasses is the ________ of sugar.
It is ______ on energy, and _______ on protein.
by product
high on energy
low on protein
*used to increase palatability and help dusty foods stick together
89
What are three energy feed stuffs used to increase palatability?
Molasses
Sugar beet pulp
Citrus pulp
90
Why must animal fats with protein be avoided in cattle?
To avoid mad cow dz or other prion dz
91
What animals is protein especially critical for?
Young, rapidly growing animals and high performance dairy cows
92
What must soybeans be heat treated before feeding?
They contain trypsin inhibitors, hemagglutins, urease, saponins
***soybean meal is the most important protein supplement
93
What seed meal contains gossypol and should be avoided in monogastric animals?
Cottonseed meal
94
What seed meal is deficient in lysine?
sunflower seed meal
it is high in protein and high in fiber (not good for monogastric animals)
95
What is a tropical crop that can be used to produce a meal that is low on lysine and has low digestibility?
Peanuts
96
What meal contains toxic goitrogenic compounds that can disrupt thyroid metabolism?
Canola or rapeseed
| less lysine than soybean meal and higher in methionine
97
What is the function of corn gluten meal in feedstuffs?
Protein suplement
40 - 60% crude protein content
98
Bone meal, meat meal, shrimp meal, and fish meal are all examples of what?
animal by-product protein supplements
99
Other than a protein supplement, what can be used for boosting protein levels in ruminant rations?
Non-protein nitrogen
**this has a bitter taste and must be mixed with other foods to be consumed by ruminants
100
What is the most common way cattle are supplemented for NaCl?
Salt licks
This is the most common mineral supplement added to diets
*especially important for lactating animals
101
Why might mineral supplements be important for poultry? What are some examples?
To help with egg shell production
Oyster shell, limestone, Dicalcium phosphate, Calcium carbonate
102
What are common sources of each of the following vitamins?
A, D, E, K, B
A- fish liver oil (cod/shark)
D- sun cured forages, fish oil, synthetic
E- germ or germ oil of plants, green plants or hays,
K- green plant material
B complex - animal and fish by-products, dairy products
103
What vitamin can not be obtained from a plant source?
Vitamin A
